Editing Differential topology (section)

== Differential topology versus differential geometry ==
Differential topology and differential geometry are first characterized by their ''similarity''.  They both study primarily the properties of differentiable manifolds, sometimes with a variety of structures imposed on them.

[[File:Mug_and_Torus_morph.gif|thumb|Animation of a coffee cup transforming into a donut shape]]
One major difference lies in the nature of the problems that each subject tries to address.  In one view,<ref name="hirsch" /> differential topology distinguishes itself from differential geometry by studying primarily those problems that are ''inherently global''. Consider the example of a coffee cup and a donut.  From the point of view of differential topology, the donut and the coffee cup are ''the same'' (in a sense). This is an inherently global view, though, because there is no way for the differential topologist to tell whether the two objects are the same (in this sense) by looking at just a tiny (''local'') piece of either of them.  They must have access to each entire (''global'') object.

From the point of view of differential geometry, the coffee cup and the donut are ''different'' because it is impossible to rotate the coffee cup in such a way that its configuration matches that of the donut.  This is also a global way of thinking about the problem.  But an important distinction is that the geometer does not need the entire object to decide this.  By looking, for instance, at just a tiny piece of the handle, they can decide that the coffee cup is different from the donut because the handle is thinner (or more curved) than any piece of the donut.

To put it succinctly, differential topology studies structures on manifolds that, in a sense, have no interesting local structure.  Differential geometry studies structures on manifolds that do have an interesting local (or sometimes even infinitesimal) structure.

More mathematically, for example, the problem of constructing a [[diffeomorphism]] between two manifolds of the same dimension is inherently global since ''locally'' two such manifolds are always diffeomorphic.  Likewise, the problem of computing a quantity on a manifold that is invariant under differentiable mappings is inherently global, since any local invariant will be ''trivial'' in the sense that it is already exhibited in the topology of <math>\R^n</math>.  Moreover, differential topology does not restrict itself necessarily to the study of diffeomorphism.  For example, [[symplectic topology]]—a subbranch of differential topology—studies global properties of [[symplectic manifold]]s.  Differential geometry concerns itself with problems—which may be local ''or'' global—that always have some non-trivial local properties.  Thus differential geometry may study differentiable manifolds equipped with a ''[[connection (mathematics)|connection]]'', a ''[[Metric (mathematics)|metric]]'' (which may be [[Riemannian metric|Riemannian]], [[pseudo-Riemannian metric|pseudo-Riemannian]], or [[Finsler metric|Finsler]]), a special sort of ''[[Frobenius integration theorem|distribution]]'' (such as a [[CR structure]]), and so on.

This distinction between differential geometry and differential topology is blurred, however, in questions specifically pertaining to local diffeomorphism invariants such as the [[tangent space]] at a point.  Differential topology also deals with questions like these, which specifically pertain to the properties of differentiable mappings on <math>\R^n</math> (for example the [[tangent bundle]], [[jet (mathematics)|jet bundles]], the [[Whitney extension theorem]], and so forth).

The distinction is concise in abstract terms: 
*Differential topology is the study of the (infinitesimal, local, and global) properties of structures on manifolds that have ''only trivial'' [[Moduli space|local moduli]].
*Differential geometry is such a study of structures on manifolds that have one or more ''non-trivial'' local moduli.