Editing Diacritic (section)

==Diacritics specific to non-Latin alphabets==

===Arabic===
{{further|Arabic diacritics}}
* (ئ ؤ إ أ and stand alone ء) {{lang|ar-Latn|[[hamza]]}}: indicates a [[glottal stop]].
* (ــًــٍــٌـ) {{lang|ar-Latn|tanwīn}} ({{lang|ar|تنوين}}) symbols: Serve a grammatical role in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. The sign ـً is most commonly written in combination with [[Aleph|alif]], e.g. {{lang|ar|ـًا}}.
* (ــّـ) {{lang|ar-Latn|[[shadda]]}}: Gemination (doubling) of consonants.
* (ٱ) {{lang|ar-Latn|waṣla}}: Comes most commonly at the beginning of a word. Indicates a type of {{lang|ar-Latn|hamza}} that is pronounced only when the letter is read at the beginning of the talk.
* (آ) {{lang|ar-Latn|madda}}: A written replacement for a {{lang|ar-Latn|hamza}} that is followed by an alif, i.e. ({{lang|ar|ءا}}). Read as a glottal stop followed by a long {{IPA|/aː/}}, e.g. {{lang|ar|ءاداب، ءاية، قرءان، مرءاة}} are written out respectively as {{lang|ar|آداب، آية، قرآن، مرآة}}. This writing rule does not apply when the alif that follows a {{lang|ar-Latn|hamza}} is not a part of the stem of the word, e.g. {{lang|ar|نتوءات}} is not written out as {{lang|ar|نتوآت}} as the stem {{lang|ar|نتوء}} does not have an alif that follows its {{lang|ar-Latn|hamza}}.
* (ــٰـ) ''superscript {{lang|ar-Latn|alif|italic=unset}}'' (also "short" or "dagger alif": A replacement for an original alif that is dropped in the writing out of some rare words, e.g. {{lang|ar|لاكن}} is not written out with the original alif found in the word pronunciation, instead it is written out as {{lang|ar|لٰكن}}.
* {{lang|ar-Latn|ḥarakāt}} (In Arabic: {{lang|ar|حركات}} also called {{lang|ar|تشكيل}} {{lang|ar-Latn|tashkīl}}):
** (ــَـ) {{lang|ar-Latn|fatḥa}} (a)
** (ــِـ) {{lang|ar-Latn|kasra}} (i)
** (ــُـ) {{lang|ar-Latn|ḍamma}} (u)
** (ــْـ) {{lang|ar-Latn|sukūn}} (no vowel)
* The {{lang|ar-Latn|ḥarakāt}} or vowel points serve two purposes:
** They serve as a phonetic guide. They indicate the presence of short vowels ({{lang|ar-Latn|fatḥa}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|kasra}}, or {{lang|ar-Latn|ḍamma}}) or their absence ({{lang|ar-Latn|sukūn}}).
** At the last letter of a word, the vowel point reflects the [[inflection]] case or [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation mood]].
*** For nouns, The {{lang|ar-Latn|ḍamma}} is for the nominative, {{lang|ar-Latn|fatḥa}} for the accusative, and {{lang|ar-Latn|kasra}} for the genitive.
*** For verbs, the {{lang|ar-Latn|ḍamma}} is for the imperfective, {{lang|ar-Latn|fatḥa}} for the perfective, and the {{lang|ar-Latn|sukūn}} is for verbs in the imperative or [[jussive]] moods.
* Vowel points or {{lang|ar-Latn|tashkīl}} should not be confused with consonant points or {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Arabic diacritics|iʿjam]]}} ({{lang|ar|إعجام}}) – one, two or three dots written above or below a consonant to distinguish between letters of the same or similar [[rasm|form]].

===Greek===
{{further|Greek diacritics}}

These diacritics are used in addition to the acute, grave, and circumflex accents and the diaeresis:
* <span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌ͺ}}</span> – [[iota subscript]] ({{lang|grc|ᾳ, εͅ, ῃ, ιͅ, οͅ, υͅ, ῳ}}) 
* <span style="font-family: serif">{{char|῾◌}}</span> – [[rough breathing]] ({{langx|grc|δασὺ πνεῦμα|dasỳ pneûma}}, {{langx|la|spīritus asper}}): aspiration
* <span style="font-family: serif">{{char|᾿◌}}</span> – [[smooth breathing|smooth (or soft) breathing]] ({{langx|grc|ψιλὸν πνεῦμα|psilòn pneûma}}, {{langx|la|spīritus lēnis}}): lack of aspiration

===Hebrew===
{{further|Hebrew diacritics}}
[[File:Example of biblical Hebrew trope.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|'''Genesis 1:9 "And God said, Let the waters be collected".'''<br>Letters in black, <span style="color:#CC0000;">[[niqqud]] in red</span>, <span style="color:#0000CC;">[[Hebrew cantillation|cantillation]] in blue</span>]]
* [[Niqqud]]
** {{big|{{char| ּ}}}} – [[Dagesh]]
** {{big|{{char| ּ}}}} – [[Mappiq]]
** {{big|{{char| ֿ}}}} – [[Rafe]]
** {{big|{{char| ׁ}}}} – [[Shin dot]] (at top right corner)
** {{big|{{char| ׂ}}}} – [[Sin dot]] (at top left corner)
** {{big|{{char| ְ}}}} – [[Shva]]
** {{big|{{char| ֻ}}}} – [[Kubutz]]
** {{big|{{char|ֹ◌}}}} – [[Holam]]
** {{big|{{char| ָ}}}} – [[Kamatz]]
** {{big|{{char| ַ}}}} – [[Patakh]]
** {{big|{{char| ֶ}}}} – [[Segol]]
** {{big|{{char| ֵ}}}} – [[Tzeire]]
** {{big|{{char| ִ}}}} – [[Hiriq]]

([[Hebrew cantillation|Cantillation]] marks do not generally render correctly; refer to [[Hebrew cantillation#Names and shapes of the ta'amim]] for a complete table together with instructions for how to maximize the possibility of viewing them in a web browser.)
* Other
** {{big|{{char| ׳}}}} – [[Geresh]]
** {{big|{{char| ״}}}} – [[Gershayim]]

===Korean===
[[File:Hunmin jeong-eum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Hunminjeongeum|Hangul]], the Korean alphabet]]
The diacritics ''' 〮''' and '''〯'''&nbsp;, known as Bangjeom ({{lang|ko|방점; 傍點}}), were used to mark pitch accents in [[Hangul]] for [[Middle Korean]]. They were written to the left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing.

===Sanskrit and Indic===
{{further|Brahmic scripts}}

[[File:Devanagari matras.svg|thumb|center|upright=3.4|Devanagari scripts (from Brahmic family) compound letters, which are vowels combined with consonants, have diacritics. Here, {{lang|hi|क}} (k) is shown with vowel diacritics.

That is:
{{big|1=
ा, ि, े, ु, ौ ़, ः}}, etc.]]

===Syriac===
{{further|Syriac alphabet}}
* A dot above and a dot below a letter represent {{IPA|[a]}}, transliterated as ''a'' or ''ă'',
* Two diagonally-placed dots above a letter represent {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, transliterated as ''ā'' or ''â'' or ''å'',
* Two horizontally-placed dots below a letter represent {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, transliterated as ''e'' or ''ĕ''; often pronounced {{IPA|[ɪ]}} and transliterated as ''i'' in the [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|East Syriac dialect]],
* Two diagonally-placed dots below a letter represent {{IPA|[e]}}, transliterated as ''ē'',
* A dot underneath the ''Beth'' represent a soft {{IPA|[v]}} sound, transliterated as ''v''
* A tilde (~) placed under ''Gamel'' represent a {{IPA|[dʒ]}} sound, transliterated as ''j''
* The letter ''Waw'' with a dot below it represents {{IPA|[u]}}, transliterated as ''ū'' or ''u'',
* The letter ''Waw'' with a dot above it represents {{IPA|[o]}}, transliterated as ''ō'' or ''o'',
* The letter ''Yōḏ'' with a dot beneath it represents {{IPA|[i]}}, transliterated as ''ī'' or ''i'',
* A [[tilde]] (~) under ''Kaph'' represent a {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} sound, transliterated as ''ch'' or ''č'',
* A semicircle under ''Peh'' represents an {{IPA|[f]}} sound, transliterated as ''f'' or ''ph''.

In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ''ə'', ''e̊'' or superscript ''<sup>e</sup>'' (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic [[schwa]] that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle|Nestle, Eberhard]] (1888). ''Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar''. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as ''Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary'', by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889].</ref> Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons.<ref>Coakley, J. F. (2002). ''Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar'' (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-926129-1}}.</ref><ref>Michaelis, Ioannis Davidis (1784). ''Grammatica Syriaca''.</ref>