Editing Deng Xiaoping (section)

=== Education and early career ===
[[File:Deng xxixian.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Deng's name is spelled "Teng Xi Xien" on this employment card from the [[Hutchinson SA|Hutchinson]] shoe factory in [[Châlette-sur-Loing]], France, where he worked for eight months in 1922, and for another stint in 1923 where he was fired after one month, with the bottom note reading 'refused to work, do not take him back']]
Deng's given name was  Xiansheng ({{lang|zh-hans|先圣}}). When Deng first attended school, his tutor objected to him having the given name Xiansheng, instead calling him "Xixian" ({{lang|zh-hans|希贤}}), which includes the characters "to aspire to" and "goodness", with overtones of wisdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China |title-link=Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China |date=1995 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-013945-7 |edition=2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dengxiaopingmak00evan/page/5 5]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Xia |first=Zhengnong |publisher=Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=9787532612369 |volume={{lang|zh-hant|哲學卷}} |location=Shanghai |page=38 |script-title=zh:大辭海}}</ref>

In the summer of 1919, Deng graduated from the [[Chongqing]] School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France (travelling [[Steerage (deck)|steerage]]) to participate in the [[Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement]], a work-study program<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=37}} in which 4,001 Chinese would participate by 1927. Deng, the youngest of all the Chinese students in the group, had just turned 15.<ref>Spence, Jonathan (1999), "In Search of Modern China", 310</ref> Wu Yuzhang, the local leader of the Movement in Chongqing, enrolled Deng and his paternal uncle, Deng Shaosheng, in the program. Deng's father strongly supported his son's participation in the work-study abroad program.{{sfnb|Vogel|2011| p= 18–20}} The night before his departure, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what he hoped to learn in France. He repeated the words he had learned from his teachers: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China." Deng was aware that China was suffering greatly, and that the Chinese people must have a modern education to save their country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Whitney |title=Deng Xiaoping: Leader in a Changing China |date=2001 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=9780822549628 |page=23}}</ref>

On 19 October 1920, a French [[Packet trade|packet ship]], the ''André Lebon'', sailed into [[Marseille]] with 210 Chinese students aboard including Deng. The sixteen-year-old Deng briefly attended middle schools in [[Bayeux]] and [[Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine|Châtillon]], but he spent most of his time in France working, including at a [[Renault]] factory and as a [[Fitter (occupation)|fitter]] at the [[Le Creusot]] Iron and Steel Plant in [[La Garenne-Colombes]], a north-western suburb of Paris where he moved in April 1921.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mair |first=Victor H. |title=Chinese Lives: The people who made a civilization |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=9780500251928 |location=London |page=215}}</ref> Coincidentally, when Deng's later political fortunes were down and he was sent to work in a tractor factory in 1969 during the Cultural Revolution, he found himself a fitter again and proved to still be a master of the skill.<ref name="sacu.org">[http://www.sacu.org/dengfrance.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127081058/http://sacu.org/dengfrance.html|date=27 November 2010}}, Wang Song. "Chinese Revolutionaries in France".</ref>

In La Garenne-Colombes Deng met future CCP leaders [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Chen Yi]], [[Nie Rongzhen]], [[Li Fuchun]], [[Li Lisan]] and [[Li Weihan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Paul |year=1988 |title=The Chinese Work-Study Movement in France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865 |url-status=live |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=115 |issue=115 |pages=441–461 |doi=10.1017/S030574100002751X |jstor=654865 |s2cid=154375449 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413085436/https://www.jstor.org/stable/654865 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In June 1923 he joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe.{{sfnb|Pantsov|2015| p= 450}} In the second half of 1924, he joined the Chinese Communist Party and became one of the leading members of the Youth League in Europe.<ref name=":RedInk">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Ying |title=Red Ink: A History of Printing and Politics in China |publisher=Royal Collins Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781487812737}}</ref>{{Rp|page=35}} In 1926 Deng traveled to the [[Soviet Union]] and studied at [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]], where one of his classmates was [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], the son of [[Chiang Kai-shek]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 March 2002 |title=Exiled son who saved the state |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22 |url-status=live |magazine=[[Times Higher Education]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201132001/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=167965&sectioncode=22 |archive-date=1 December 2012 |access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref>