Editing Demographics of India (section)

=== Prehistory to early 19th century ===
{{See also|Estimates of historical world population}}
The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with [[Interpolation|interpolated]] estimates and overall [[Aggregate data|aggregate]] averages derived from their estimates.<ref>Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net).
Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.</ref>
<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/38602317|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Angus Maddison|date=2001|page=238 }}</ref>
{{Hidden begin|title=Historical population (10,000 BC - 1820 CE)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]] (2001)<ref name="maddison">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 pages 241–242], [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[Colin Clark (economist)|Clark]] (1967)<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Colin Clark (economist)|Colin Clark]]|title=Population Growth and Land Use|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=1977|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KKvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|isbn=9781349157754}}</ref><ref name="maddison236">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 page 236], [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref><ref>John D. Durand, 1974, [http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psc_penn_papers Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 9</ref>
! colspan="2" | Biraben (1979)<ref name="maddison236"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Structure, Culture, and History: Recent Issues in Social Theory|author=Sing C. Chew, J. David Knottnerus|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2002|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WzXroSxMb0C&pg=PA185|isbn=9780847698370}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Demography: Analysis and Synthesis|author=Guillaume Wunsch, Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=2005|chapter=Population in Time and Space|page=34|isbn=978-0-12-765660-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C&pg=RA2-PA34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Durand (1974)<ref>John D. Durand, 1974, [http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psc_penn_papers Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 10</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | [[Colin McEvedy|McEvedy]] (1978)<ref>{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |author-link1=Colin McEvedy |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |title=Atlas of World Population History |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=182–185 |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92}}</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | [[Aggregate data|Aggregate]] average
! rowspan="2" | Period
! rowspan="2" | Average<br /> % growth<br /> / century
|-
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Compound growth|% growth]]<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
|-
| [[10,000 BC]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2" | [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]]
| rowspan="2" | 3.9
|-
| 4000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
|-
| 2000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| [[Bronze Age India|Bronze Age]]
| 9.4
|-
| 500 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| rowspan="2" | [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]
| rowspan="2" | 10.2
|-
| 400 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
|-
| 200 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.4
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| [[Maurya Empire|Maurya era]]
| 22.5
|-
| 1 AD
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| rowspan="4" | [[Classical India|Classical<br /> era]]
| rowspan="4" | 5.3
|-
| 200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –1.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.1
|-
| 400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.7
|-
| 500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:48000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.3
|-
| 600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| rowspan="5" | [[Middle kingdoms of India|Early<br /> medieval<br /> era]]
| rowspan="5" | 1.9
|-
| 700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
|-
| 800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.5
|-
| 900
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
|-
| 1000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:67400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.1
|-
| 1100
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:73200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| rowspan="5" | [[Medieval India|Late<br /> medieval<br /> era]]
| rowspan="5" | 8.1
|-
| 1200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| 1300
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
|-
| 1400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:102000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 52.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:129200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.1
| rowspan="3" | [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]]
| rowspan="3" | 31.9
|-
| 1650
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 125
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.2
|-
| 1700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 77.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:175000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:163900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.3
|-
| 1750
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| rowspan="3" | [[Colonial India|Colonial<br /> era]]
| rowspan="3" | 12.2
|-
| 1800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:185000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
|-
| 1820
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:194000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:198300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|}
{{Hidden end}}