Editing Dean Rusk (section)

==Career prior to 1961==
While studying in England as a Rhodes scholar at [[St. John's College, Oxford]], he received the [[Cecil Peace Prize]] in 1933.<ref name=Davidson_bio/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucrhistory.ucr.edu/pdf/turner2.pdf |title=Transcription of Oral History Audio Interview with Arthur Campbell Turner April 6 and May 28, 1998 |access-date=2008-02-03 |last=Turner |first=Arthur Campbell |author2=Francis Carney |author3=Jan Erickson |date=2005-04-05 |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]] |pages=8 |archive-date=February 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227004341/http://www.ucrhistory.ucr.edu/pdf/turner2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rusk's experiences of the events of the early 1930s decisively shaped his later views, as he told Karnow in an interview: <blockquote>I was a senior in college the year that the Japanese seized Manchuria and I have the picture still etched in my mind from the newsreel of the Chinese ambassador standing before the League of Nations, pleading for help against the Japanese attack. I myself was present in the Oxford Union on that night in 1933, when they passed the motion that "this house will not fight for king and country"&nbsp;...<br />So one cannot have lived through those years and not have some pretty strong feelings&nbsp;... that it was the failure of the governments of the world to prevent aggression that made the catastrophe of World War II inevitable.<ref>Stanley Karnow, ''Vietnam: A History'' (1983), p. 179.</ref></blockquote>

===Military in Southeast Asia===
During the 1930s, Rusk served in the Army reserves. He was called to active duty in December 1940 as a captain. He served as a staff officer in the [[China Burma India Theater of World War II|China Burma India Theater]]. During the war, Rusk had authorized an air drop of arms to the Viet Minh guerrillas in Vietnam commanded by his future enemy [[Ho Chi Minh]].<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.60"/> At war's end, he was a colonel, decorated with the [[Legion of Merit]] with [[Oak Leaf Cluster]].<ref name=Davidson_bio/>

===State Department 1945–1953===

Rusk returned to America to work briefly for the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] in Washington, DC. He joined the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] in February 1945, and worked for the office of United Nations Affairs. In the same year, he suggested [[Division of Korea|splitting Korea]] into spheres of U.S. and of Soviet influence at the [[38th parallel north]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marshall|first=Tim|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1166584909|title=Prisoners of geography : ten maps that tell you everything you need to know about global politics|year=2016|publisher=Elliott and Thompson Limited |isbn=978-1-78396-243-3|oclc=1166584909}}</ref> After [[Alger Hiss]] left State in January 1947, Rusk succeeded him (as director of the Office of Special Political Affairs), according to [[Max Lowenthal]].<ref>
{{Citation
 | last = Lowenthal
 | first = Max
 | author-link = Max Lowenthal
 | year = 1948
 | title = 1948 Diary of Max Lowenthal
 | editor-last = Dawson
 | editor-first = Donald S.
 | url = https://lccn.loc.gov/mm2007085349 
 | pages = 155
 | publisher = Library of Congress
 }}</ref>

Rusk was a supporter of the Marshall Plan and of the United Nations.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.65">Langguth, A.J. ''Our Vietnam 1954–1975'', New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000 p.65</ref> In 1948, he supported the Secretary of State George Marshall in advising Truman against recognizing Israel, fearing it would damage relations with oil-rich Arab states like Saudi Arabia, but was overruled by Truman's legal counsel, [[Clark Clifford]], who persuaded the president to recognize Israel.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.65"/> When Marshall was asked to explain why he did not resign over the recognition of Israel, he replied that the secretary of state did not resign over decisions made by the president who had the ultimate control of foreign policy.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.65"/> Rusk, who admired Marshall, supported his decision and always quoted the remark made by Truman: "The president makes the foreign policy".<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.65"/> In 1949, he was made deputy Undersecretary of State under Dean Acheson, who had replaced Marshall as secretary of state.

===Assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs===
In 1950, Rusk was made assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs, at his own request, arguing that he knew Asia the best.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.65"/> He played an influential part in the US decision to become involved in the [[Korean War]], and in Japan's postwar compensation for victorious countries, as shown in the [[Rusk documents]]. Rusk was a cautious diplomat and always sought international support. Rusk favored support for Asian nationalist movements, arguing that European imperialism was doomed in Asia, but the [[Atlanticist]] Acheson favored closer relations with the European powers, which precluded American support for Asian nationalism.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.65"/> Rusk dutifully declared it was his duty to support Acheson.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.65"/>

====French Indochina====
When question arose as to whether the United States should support France in maintaining control over Indochina against the Communist Viet Minh guerrillas, Rusk argued for support of the French government, stating that the Viet Minh were just the instruments of Soviet expansionism in Asia and to refuse to support the French would amount to appeasement. Under strong American pressure, the French granted nominal independence to the State of Vietnam in February 1950 under the [[Emperor Bao Dai]], which the United States recognized within days.<ref>Stanley Karnow, ''Vietnam: A History'' (New York: Viking, 1983) pp. 179–180</ref> However, it was widely known that the State of Vietnam was still in effect a French colony as French officials controlled all of the important ministries and the Emperor bitterly remarked to the press: "What they call a Bao Dai solution turns out to be just a French solution."<ref>Karnow, Stanley ''Vietnam: A History'', 1983 p.175</ref> In June 1950, Rusk testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee: "This is a civil war that has been in effect captured by the [Soviet] Politburo and, besides, has been turned into a tool of the Politburo. So it isn't a civil war in the usual sense. It is part of the international war&nbsp;... We have to look at in terms of which side we are on in this particular kind of struggle&nbsp;... Because Ho Chi Minh is tied with the Politburo, our policy is to support Bao Dai and the French in Indochina until we have time to help them establish a going concern."<ref name="Vietnam: A History 179">Karnow, Stanley ''Vietnam: A History'', New York: Viking, 1983 p.179</ref>

====Korean War====
In April 1951, Truman sacked [[General Douglas MacArthur]] as the commander of the American forces in Korea over the question about whether to carry the war into China. At the time, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Omar Bradley, called war with China "the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy".<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.69">Langguth, A.J. ''Our Vietnam 1954–1975'', New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000 p.69</ref> In May 1951, Rusk gave a speech at a dinner sponsored by the China Institute in Washington, which he had not submitted to the State Department in advance, where he implied the United States should unify Korea under [[Syngman Rhee]] and should overthrow [[Mao Zedong]] in China.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.69"/> Rusk's speech attracted more attention than he expected, as the columnist Walter Lippmann ran a column reading "Bradley vs. Rusk", accusing Rusk of advocating a policy of unconditional surrender in the Korean war.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.69"/> For embarrassing Acheson, Rusk was forced to resign and went into the private sector as the director of the Rockefeller Foundation.<ref name="Langguth, A.J. p.69"/>

===Rockefeller Foundation===
Rusk and his family moved to [[Scarsdale, New York]], while he served as a Rockefeller Foundation trustee from 1950 to 1961.<ref>{{cite news |title=DEAN RUSK, '60S FOREIGN POLICY LEADER, DIES |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208140649/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/22/dean-rusk-60s-foreign-policy-leader-dies/23ea540e-5733-4afc-87ae-95d71f8c1575/ |archive-date=2021-02-08 |url-status=live |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/12/22/dean-rusk-60s-foreign-policy-leader-dies/23ea540e-5733-4afc-87ae-95d71f8c1575/}}</ref> In 1952 he succeeded Chester L. Barnard as president of the foundation.<ref name=Davidson_bio/>