Editing David II of Scotland (section)

== Reign ==
David became king upon the death of his father on 7 June 1329. David II's youth and the uncertainty of the Anglo-Scottish peace meant he was not moved from Turnberry to Scone for his coronation for two-and-a-half years. The seven-year-old king and his wife were crowned at [[Scone Abbey]] on 24 November 1331, with David becoming the first Scottish monarch to be [[anointing|anointed]] at their coronation.<ref>{{harvnb|Macnamee|2006|p=27}}</ref><ref>Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., ''Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625'', Edinburgh, 1899, pp. 146–147</ref> Upon David's accession, [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray]] was appointed as [[Guardian of Scotland|Guardian]] under Robert I's orders, to govern Scotland until David reached adulthood, and the royal government of King Robert remained largely in place from 1329 to 1332. After Moray's death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by [[Domhnall II, Earl of Mar|Donald, Earl of Mar]], elected by an assembly of the magnates of Scotland at [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], 2 August 1332. Ten days later, Mar fell at the [[Battle of Dupplin Moor]]. [[Andrew Murray (soldier)|Sir Andrew Murray]] of Bothwell, who was married to [[Christina Bruce|Christian (or Christina)]], the sister of King [[Robert the Bruce|Robert I]], was chosen as the new Guardian. The English took him prisoner at [[Roxburgh]] in April 1333 and was accordingly replaced as Guardian by [[Archibald Douglas (the Tyneman)]], who fell at the [[Battle of Halidon Hill]] that July.<ref>Dunbar (1899) pp. 147–149</ref>

Meanwhile, on 24 September 1332, following the Scots' defeat at Dupplin, [[Edward Balliol]], a [[Mentorship|protégé]] of [[Edward III of England]], and a pretender to the throne of Scotland, was crowned by the English and his Scots adherents. By December, however, Balliol was forced to flee to England after the [[Battle of Annan]], although he returned the following year as part of an invasion force led by the English king.<ref>Dunbar (1899) pp. 148–149</ref>

=== Exile in France ===
[[File:Filip6 David2 Joan of the Tower.jpg|thumb|Joan of the Tower & David II with Philip VI of France]]

Following the English victory at the [[Battle of Halidon Hill]] in July 1333, David and his wife were sent for safety into France, reaching [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] on 14 May 1334.<ref>Dunbar (1899) p. 150</ref> They were received very graciously by [[Philip VI of France|King Philip VI]]. Little is known about the life of the Scottish king in France, except that [[Château Gaillard]] was given to him for a residence, and that he was present at the bloodless meeting of the English and French armies in October 1339 at Vironfosse,<ref name="EB1911"/> now known as [[Buironfosse]], in the [[Arrondissement of Vervins]].

By 1341, David's representatives had again obtained the upper hand in Scotland. David was able to return to his kingdom, landing at [[Inverbervie]] in [[Kincardineshire]] on 2 June 1341. He took the reins of government into his own hands, at the age of 17.<ref name="EB1911"/>

=== Captivity in England ===
[[File:David Bruce, king of Scotland, acknowledges Edward III as his feudal lord.jpg|thumb|left|David II, king of Scotland, acknowledges Edward III, king of England, as his feudal lord, an event that never happened.]]

In 1346, under the terms of the [[Auld Alliance]], David invaded England to try to draw King Edward away from the French, who had been invaded by the English and badly defeated at the [[battle of Crécy]]. After initial success at Hexham, David's army was soundly defeated at the [[battle of Neville's Cross]] on 17 October 1346.<ref>Dunbar (1899) p. 152</ref> David suffered two arrow wounds to the face and was captured and taken prisoner by Sir [[John de Coupland]].<ref>Penman (2004) pp. 133–135</ref> The king was taken to [[Wark on Tweed]], and then to [[Bamburgh Castle]], where barber-surgeons from [[York]] were brought to treat his serious injuries.<ref>Penman (2004) pp. 138–139</ref> David II was transferred to [[London]], where he was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] in January 1347.<ref>Penman (2004) p. 1389</ref> David was transferred to [[Windsor Castle]] in [[Berkshire]] upon the return of Edward III from France. The depiction of David being presented to King Edward III in the play ''[[Edward III (play)|The Raigne of King Edward the Third]]'' is fictitious.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britroyals.com/scots.asp?id=david2 |title=King David II of Scotland – Britroyals}}</ref> David and his household were later moved to [[Odiham Castle]] in [[Hampshire]]. His imprisonment was not reputed to be a rigorous one as was typical of most royal prisoners. However, the fact that from 1355 he was denied contact with any of his subjects may indicate otherwise.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Penman |first1=Michael |title=David II |date=2004 |publisher=Tuckwell Press Ltd. |location=East Linton, Scotland |page=184}}</ref> He remained captive in England for eleven years.<ref name="EB1911"/>

On 3 October 1357, after several protracted negotiations with the Scots' regency council, a treaty was signed at [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] under which Scotland's nobility agreed to pay 100,000 [[Mark (currency)|marks]], at the rate of 10,000 marks per year, as a ransom for their king. This was ratified by the Scottish Parliament at Scone on 6 November 1357.

=== Return to Scotland ===
[[File:David II, King of Scotland and Edward III, King of England (British Library MS Cotton Nero D VI, folio 66v).jpg|thumb|David II (left) and Edward III (right)]]

David returned to Scotland accompanied by a large contingent of Scottish nobles and clergy. He also brought his mistress, Katherine (or Catherine) Mortimer, of whom little is known. Katherine was murdered in 1360 by men hired by the [[Earl of Angus]] and other nobles,<ref>{{cite book |author=Patrick Fraser Tytler |title=History of Scotland, Volume II |year=1828 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrQuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130 |isbn=9780198759348 |page=130}}</ref> according to some sources; some accounts say the earl was starved to death, however since his death was not until 1362, two years after the murder, death from the plague or other causes is more likely.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Penman |first1=Michael |title=David II |date=2004 |publisher=Tuckwell Press Ltd. |location=East Linton, Scotland |page=292}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Ross |title=Scotland: History of a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWrlONIyN84C |year=2000 |publisher=Lomond Books |isbn=978-0-947782-58-0 |page=103}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Oram |title=The Kings & Queens of Scotland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWrlONIyN84C |year=2011 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=9780752438146}}</ref> She was replaced as mistress by [[Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland|Margaret Drummond]].<ref name=MacQuarrie>{{cite book |author=Alan MacQuarrie |title=Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0f0SDQAAQBAJ&q=scotland+katherine+mortimer+1360&pg=PT196 |year=2004 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=0750929774}}</ref>

After six years, owing to the poverty of the kingdom, it was found impossible to raise the ransom instalment of 1363. David then made for [[London]] and sought to get rid of the liability by offering to bequeath Scotland to Edward III, or one of his sons, in return for a cancellation of the ransom. David did this with the full awareness that the Scots would never accept such an arrangement. In 1364, the Scottish parliament indignantly rejected a proposal to make [[Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence]], the next king. Over the next few years, David strung out secret negotiations with Edward III,<ref name="EB1911"/> which apparently appeased the matter.

His wife, Queen Joan, died on 7 September 1362 (aged 41)<ref name=MacQuarrie/> at [[Hertford Castle]], [[Hertfordshire]], possibly a victim of the [[Black Death]]. He remarried, on about 20 February 1364, to [[Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland|Margaret Drummond]], widow of Sir John Logie, and daughter of Sir Malcolm Drummond. He divorced her on about 20 March 1370. They had no children.<ref name="Richardson 2004 p. 23"/><ref name="Dunbar 1899 p. 154">Dunbar (1899) p. 154</ref> Margaret, however, travelled to [[Avignon]], and made a successful appeal to the [[Pope Urban V]] to reverse the sentence of divorce which had been pronounced against her in Scotland. She was still alive in January 1375, four years after David died.<ref>Dunbar (1899) p. 156.</ref>

From 1364, David governed actively, dealing firmly with recalcitrant nobles, and a wider baronial revolt, led by his prospective successor, the future [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ian Dawson |title=Who's Who in British History: A-H |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Czq-f-9cLSsC&pg=PA321 |year=1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-90-9 |page=321}}</ref> David continued to pursue the goal of a final peace with England. At the time of his death, the Scottish monarchy was stronger and the country was "a free and independent kingdom" according to a reliable source.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Hume Brown |title=History of Scotland to the present time, Volume 1 |year=1911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Scw7AAAAIAAJ&q=death+of+david+II+scotland&pg=PA145 |isbn=1107600316 |page=145}}</ref> The royal finances were more prosperous than might have seemed possible.