Editing David Ho (section)

==Career==
Ho has been engaged in [[HIV/AIDS research]] since the beginning of the [[AIDS pandemic|pandemic]], initially focusing on clinical [[virology]] and select topics in HIV pathogenesis, including [[HIV drug resistance]]. Before [[International AIDS Conference 1996|1996]], [[AZT#Viral resistance|AZT]]<ref name="NEJM19950817">{{Cite journal| title = '''''Time to Hit HIV, Early and Hard'''''| journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]]| volume = 333| issue = 7| pages = 450–451| date= August 17, 1995| doi = 10.1056/NEJM199508173330710| pmid = 7616996| last1 = Ho| first1 = David| access-date=January 29, 2023| url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199508173330710| url-access= limited| url-status=live| quote=...&nbsp;''zidovudine'' was shown in 1990 to slow the clinical progression to AIDS in infected but asymptomatic subjects. However, a follow-up of those subjects found no evidence of longer survival with the use of ''zidovudine''...| archive-date=September 1, 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150901055811/http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199508173330710}}</ref> and other early 1990s [[antiretroviral]] medication were prescribed in [[monotherapy|single therapy]], which still did not prevent [[Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS#AIDS|progression to fatal full-blown AIDS]].<ref name="NEJM19950817"/><ref>{{bulleted list| {{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title = Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;it's inevitable for HIV to develop drug resistance if you give it one drug at a time...| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}| {{cite episode |title=The Age of AIDS, Part II | series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |network=[[PBS]] |date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season= 24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/ |time=0:18:42| quote=...&nbsp; We came to the conclusion that it's inevitable for HIV to develop drug resistance if you give it one drug at a time...&nbsp;}}}}</ref> In the mid-1990s, his research team conducted a series of elegant human studies to elucidate the dynamics of HIV replication in vivo.<ref name=":0" /> This knowledge, in turn, formed the foundation for their pioneering effort to treat HIV "early and [[Combination therapy|hard]]"<ref name="NEJM19950817"/> and in demonstrating for the first time the durable control of HIV replication in patients receiving [[combination antiretroviral therapy]],<ref>(''Nature'' 1997)</ref><ref>{{Bulleted list| {{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title = Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;if you start to combine the drugs and try to force the virus into a corner using multiple drugs, it is exceedingly difficult or statistically improbable for HIV to become resistant to all the drugs simultaneously.| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}| {{cite episode |title=The Age of AIDS, Part II | series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |network=[[PBS]] |date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season= 24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/ |time=0:18:54| quote=...&nbsp;However, if you start to combine the drugs and try to force the virus into a corner using multiple drugs, it is exceedingly difficult...for HIV to become resistant to all the drugs simultaneously.&nbsp;}}}}</ref> which had subsequently developed by scientists at [[NIAID]] and [[Merck & Co.|Merck]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Treatment with Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy|journal = New England Journal of Medicine|volume = 337|issue = 11|pages = 734–739|year = 1997|doi = 10.1056/NEJM199709113371102|pmid = 9287228|last1 = Gulick|first1 = Roy M.|last2 = Mellors|first2 = John W.|last3 = Havlir|first3 = Diane|last4 = Eron|first4 = Joseph J.|last5 = Gonzalez|first5 = Charles|last6 = McMahon|first6 = Deborah|last7 = Richman|first7 = Douglas D.|last8 = Valentine|first8 = Fred T.|last9 = Jonas|first9 = Leslie|last10 = Meibohm|first10 = Anne|last11 = Emini|first11 = Emilio A.|last12 = Chodakewitz|first12 = Jeffrey A.|last13 = Deutsch|first13 = Paul|last14 = Holder|first14 = Daniel|last15 = Schleif|first15 = William A.|last16 = Condra|first16 = Jon H.|doi-access = free}}</ref> He and his [[ADARC]] team presented the remarkable results from using combination antiretroviral therapy at [[International AIDS Conference 1996]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Age of AIDS, Part II | series=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |network=[[PBS]] |date=2006-05-31| access-date=2023-01-31| season= 24 (2006)| number=11| url=https://www.pbs.org/video/frontline-age-aids-part-ii/ |time=0:21:50| quote=International AIDS Conference 1996 in  Vancouver showing combination therapy results}}</ref> This was the turning point in the epidemic that an automatic death sentence was transformed into a [[Chronic disease|manageable disease]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| title = Interviews - David Ho - The Age Of Aids - Frontline| url-status=live| series= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]| publisher=[[PBS]]| quote=...&nbsp;response with combination therapy was rather dramatic...we see some deathly ill patients totally recover after two to three weeks of good therapy...people got out of their deathbed after a few weeks of therapy.| date=May 30, 2006| access-date=January 29, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307045642/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/ho.html| archive-date=March 7, 2007}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Ho has published more than 500 research papers as of February 2020.<ref>(''Nature'' 1995; ''Science'' 1996)</ref>

Ho is a member of the [[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]], a [[Chinese American]] leadership organization, in addition to several scientific groups.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.committee100.org/member/david-d-ho/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702122636/https://www.committee100.org/member/david-d-ho|url-status=live|title=MEMBERS {{!}} Committee of 100|publisher=[[Committee of 100 (United States)|Committee of 100]]|website=www.committee100.org|access-date=February 25, 2020|archive-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>

Ho led a team, funded by the [[Jack Ma]] [[Jack Ma Foundation|Foundation]], to look for a vaccine for the [[COVID-19]] virus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/health/covid-19-are-we-close-to-a-novel-coronavirus-vaccine/2312199/|title = COVID-19: Are We Close to a Novel Coronavirus Vaccine?| date=March 4, 2020 }}</ref>