Editing David Douglas (botanist) (section)

==Explorations==
Douglas made three separate trips from Britain to North America. His first, to eastern North America, began on 3 June 1823, with a return in the late autumn of 1823. The second was to the Pacific Northwest, from July 1824 returning October 1827.{{efn|He sailed aboard {{ship||William and Ann|1818 Bermuda ship|2}}, which the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] had purchased to explore the Pacific Northwest.}} His third and final trip started in England in October 1829. On that last journey he went first to the [[Columbia River]], then to San Francisco, then in August 1832, to Hawaii. In October 1832, he returned to the Columbia River region. A year later, in October 1833, he returned to Hawaii, arriving on 2 January 1834.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Douglas|first=David|url=http://archive.org/details/journalkeptbydav00dougiala|title=Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America 1823–1827, together with a particular description of thirty-three species of American oaks and eighteen species of Pinus, with appendices containing a list of the plants introduced by Douglas and an account of his death in 1834. Published under the direction of the Royal Horticultural Society|last2=Royal Horticultural Society (Great Britain)|date=1914|publisher=London : W. Wesley & Son|others=University of California Libraries|pages=296}}</ref> The second expedition starting in 1824 was his most successful. The [[Royal Horticultural Society]]{{sfn |Nisbet |2009 |p=7}} sent him back on a plant-hunting expedition in the [[Pacific Northwest]] that ranks among the great botanical explorations.

In the spring of 1826, David Douglas was compelled to climb a peak ([[Mount Brown (British Columbia)|Mount Brown]], of the mythical pair [[Hooker and Brown]]) near [[Athabasca Pass]] to take in the view. In so doing, he was perhaps one of the first Europeans to be a "[[mountaineering|mountaineer]]" in North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=who was david douglas?|url=http://www.daviddouglassociety.org/uploads/1/5/9/9/15991036/who_was_david_douglas_final.pdf|website=DavidDouglasSociety|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-date=8 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908113404/http://www.daviddouglassociety.org/uploads/1/5/9/9/15991036/who_was_david_douglas_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He introduced the [[Douglas fir]] (Douglas-fir) into cultivation in 1827. Other notable introductions include [[Sitka Spruce]], [[Sugar Pine]], [[Western White Pine]], [[Ponderosa Pine]], [[Lodgepole Pine]], [[Monterey Pine]], [[Grand Fir]], [[Noble Fir]] and several other [[Pinophyta|conifers]] that transformed the British landscape and [[timber industry]], as well as numerous garden [[shrub]]s and herbs such as the [[Ribes sanguineum|Flowering currant]], [[Salal]], [[Lupin]], [[Penstemon]] and [[California poppy]]. His success was well beyond expectations; in one of his letters to Hooker, he wrote "you will begin to think I manufacture pines at my pleasure". Altogether he introduced about 240 species of plants to Britain.

He first briefly visited Hawaii in 1830 on his way to the Pacific Northwest. He returned again in December 1833 intending to spend three months of winter there. He was only the second European to reach the summit of the [[Mauna Loa]] volcano.<ref name="earliest">{{cite journal| title=Earliest Ascents of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i |publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu |author=Walther M. Barnard |hdl=10524/599 |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=25 |year=1991}}</ref>