Editing David Deutsch (section)

==Career and research==
His work on [[quantum algorithms]] began with a 1985 paper, later expanded in 1992 along with [[Richard Jozsa]], to produce the [[Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm]], one of the first examples of a quantum algorithm that is exponentially faster than any possible deterministic classical algorithm.<ref name="Deutsch1985" /> In his nomination for election as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS) in 2008, his contributions were described as:<ref name="frs" />

{{Blockquote|[having] laid the foundations of the quantum theory of computation, and has subsequently made or participated in many of the most important advances in the field, including the discovery of the first quantum algorithms, the theory of quantum logic gates and quantum computational networks, the first quantum error-correction scheme, and several fundamental quantum universality results. He has set the agenda for worldwide research efforts in this new, interdisciplinary field, made progress in understanding its philosophical implications (via a variant of the many-universes interpretation) and made it comprehensible to the general public, notably in his book ''The Fabric of Reality''.}}

Since 2012,<ref name="Merali-26052014">{{Cite web |last=Merali |first=Zeeya |date=26 May 2014 |title=A Meta-Law to Rule Them All: Physicists Devise a "Theory of Everything" |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-meta-law-to-rule-them-all-physicists-devise-a-theory-of-everything/ |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=[[Scientific American]] |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528031057/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-meta-law-to-rule-them-all-physicists-devise-a-theory-of-everything/ |url-status=live }}</ref> he has been working on [[constructor theory]], an attempt at generalizing the quantum theory of computation to cover not just computation but all physical processes.<ref name="Heaven-06112012">{{Cite web |last=Heaven |first=Douglas |date=6 November 2012 |title=Theory of everything says universe is a transformer |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22469-theory-of-everything-says-universe-is-a-transformer.html |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=[[New Scientist]] |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109000730/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22469-theory-of-everything-says-universe-is-a-transformer.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2012 |title=Constructor Theory: A Conversation with David Deutsch |url=http://edge.org/conversation/constructor-theory |website=edge.org |publisher=[[Edge.org|Edge Foundation, Inc.]] |access-date=17 February 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021225218/http://edge.org/conversation/constructor-theory |url-status=live }}</ref> Together with [[Chiara Marletto]], he published a paper in December 2014 entitled ''Constructor theory of information'', that conjectures that information can be expressed solely in terms of which transformations of physical systems are possible and which are impossible.<ref name="DeutschMarletto2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Deutsch |first1=D. |last2=Marletto |first2=C. |year=2014 |title=Constructor theory of information |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=471 |issue=2174 |pages=20140540 |arxiv=1405.5563 |bibcode=2014RSPSA.47140540D |doi=10.1098/rspa.2014.0540 |issn=1364-5021 |pmc=4309123 |pmid=25663803 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Deutsch |first1=David |last2=Marletto |first2=Chiara |author-link2=Chiara Marletto |date=21 May 2014 |title=Why we need to reconstruct the universe |pages=30–31 |work=[[New Scientist]] |issue=2970 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229700-200-reconstructing-physics-the-universe-is-information/ |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218182747/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229700-200-reconstructing-physics-the-universe-is-information/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===''The Fabric of Reality''===
{{Main article|The Fabric of Reality}}

In his 1997 book ''The Fabric of Reality'', Deutsch details his "Theory of Everything". It aims not at the reduction of everything to particle physics, but rather mutual support among [[multiversal]], computational, epistemological, and evolutionary principles. His theory of everything is somewhat [[emergence|emergentist]] rather than [[reductionism|reductive]]. There are four strands to his theory:

# [[Hugh Everett]]'s [[many-worlds interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics|quantum physics]], "the first and most important of the four strands."
# [[Karl Popper]]'s [[epistemology]], especially its anti-inductivism and requiring a [[scientific realism|realist]] (non-instrumental) interpretation of scientific theories, as well as its emphasis on taking seriously those bold conjectures that resist falsification.
# [[Alan Turing]]'s theory of computation, especially as developed in Deutsch's [[Turing principle]], in which the [[Universal Turing machine]] is replaced by Deutsch's [[universal quantum computer]]. ("''The'' theory of computation is now the quantum theory of computation.")
# [[Richard Dawkins]]' refinement of [[Darwinism|Darwinian]] evolutionary theory and the [[Neo-Darwinism|modern evolutionary synthesis]], especially the ideas of replicator and meme as they integrate with Popperian problem-solving (the [[epistemological]] strand).

=== Invariants ===
In a 2009 [[TED talk]], Deutsch expounded a criterion for scientific explanation, which is to formulate [[Invariant (physics)|invariants]]: "State an explanation [publicly, so that it can be dated and verified by others later] that remains invariant [in the face of apparent change, new information, or unexpected conditions]".<ref name="TED">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/david_deutsch_a_new_way_to_explain_explanation |title=A new way to explain explanation |date=October 2009 |last=Deutsch |first=David |publisher=TED talk |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104012430/https://www.ted.com/talks/david_deutsch_a_new_way_to_explain_explanation |url-status=live }} Also available from [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=folTvNDL08A YouTube] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108112725/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=folTvNDL08A |date=8 November 2022 }}.</ref>
: "A bad explanation is easy to vary."<ref name=TED />{{rp| minute 11:22}}
: "The search for hard-to-vary explanations is the origin of all progress"<ref name=TED />{{rp| minute 15:05}}
: "That {{em|the truth consists of hard-to-vary assertions about reality}} is the most important fact about the physical world."<ref name=TED />{{rp| minute 16:15}}

Invariance as a fundamental aspect of a scientific account of reality has long been part of philosophy of science: for example, Friedel Weinert's book ''The Scientist as Philosopher'' (2004) noted the presence of the theme in many writings from around 1900 onward, such as works by [[Henri Poincaré]] (1902), [[Ernst Cassirer]] (1920), [[Max Born]] (1949 and 1953), [[Paul Dirac]] (1958), [[Olivier Costa de Beauregard]] (1966), [[Eugene Wigner]] (1967), [[Lawrence Sklar]] (1974), [[Michael Friedman (philosopher)|Michael Friedman]] (1983), [[John D. Norton]] (1992), [[Nicholas Maxwell]] (1993), [[Alan Cook (physicist)|Alan Cook]] (1994), [[Alistair Cameron Crombie]] (1994), [[Margaret Morrison (philosopher)|Margaret Morrison]] (1995), [[Richard Feynman]] (1997), [[Robert Nozick]] (2001), and [[Tim Maudlin]] (2002).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weinert |first=Friedel |title=The Scientist as Philosopher: Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries |date=2004 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=3540205802 |location=Berlin; New York |pages=62–74 (72) |chapter=Invariance and reality |doi=10.1007/b138529 |oclc=53434974|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/828852 }}</ref>

===''The Beginning of Infinity''===
{{Main article|The Beginning of Infinity}}

Deutsch's second book, ''The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations that Transform the World'', was published on 31 March 2011. In this book, he views the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] of the 17th and 18th centuries as near the beginning of a potentially unending sequence of purposeful knowledge creation. He examines the nature of knowledge, [[meme]]s, and how and why [[creativity]] evolved in humans.<ref>Deutsch David, The Beginning of Infinity, page 369-398</ref>

===Awards and honours===
''The Fabric of Reality'' was shortlisted for the [[Royal Society Prizes for Science Books|Rhone-Poulenc science book award]] in 1998. Deutsch was awarded the [[Dirac Medal (IOP)|Dirac Prize]] of the [[Institute of Physics]] in 1998,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Deutsch |first=David |year=2016 |title=About Me |url=http://www.daviddeutsch.org.uk/about-me/ |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=daviddeutsch.org.uk |archive-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311112949/http://www.daviddeutsch.org.uk/about-me/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Edge of Computation Science Prize in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/al/prizes.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209230404/http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/al/prizes.htm|url-status=dead|title=Edge of Computation Science Prize|archivedate=9 December 2006}}</ref> In 2017, he received the [[Dirac Medal (ICTP)|Dirac Medal]] of the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics|International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dirac Medal of ICTP 2017 |url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/prizes-awards/the-dirac-medal/the-medallists/dirac-medallists-2017.aspx |website=ictp.it |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305030834/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/prizes-awards/the-dirac-medal/the-medallists/dirac-medallists-2017.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Deutsch is linked to [[Paul Dirac]] through his doctoral advisor [[Dennis Sciama]], whose doctoral advisor was Dirac. Deutsch was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2008|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2008]].<ref name="frs">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Professor David Deutsch FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/david-deutsch-11329/ |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |access-date=14 November 2017 |archive-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116222333/https://royalsociety.org/people/david-deutsch-11329/ |url-status=live }} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” –{{cite web |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |access-date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=11 November 2016 |url-status=live }}}}</ref>  In 2018, he received the [[Micius Quantum Prize]]. In 2021, he was awarded the Isaac Newton Medal and Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-physicist-david-deutsch-bags-isaac-newton-medal-and-prize/|title=Quantum physicist David Deutsch bags Isaac Newton Medal and Prize|date=30 November 2021|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202000528/https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-physicist-david-deutsch-bags-isaac-newton-medal-and-prize/|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 22, 2022, he was awarded the [[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics]], shared with [[Charles H. Bennett (physicist)|Charles H. Bennet]], [[Gilles Brassard]] and [[Peter Shor]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=22 September 2022 |title='Father of quantum computing' wins $3m physics prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/22/quantum-computing-research-physics-breakthrough |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922130601/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/22/quantum-computing-research-physics-breakthrough |url-status=live }}</ref>