Editing Dari (section)

== History ==
Dari comes from [[Middle Persian]] which was spoken during the rule of the [[Sassanid dynasty]]. In general, Iranian languages are known from three periods, usually referred to as Old, Middle, and New (Modern) periods. These correspond to three eras in Iranian history, the old era being the period from some time before, during, and after the [[Achaemenid]] period (that is, to 300 BC), the Middle Era being the next period, namely, the Sassanid period and part of the post-Sassanid period, and the New era being the period afterward down to the present day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.farsinet.com/farsi/ |title=Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in Iran, History of Farsi Language, Learn Farsi, Farsi Translation |publisher=Farsinet.com |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808011813/http://www.farsinet.com/farsi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|sure=yes|date=March 2022}}<ref name="iranchamber.com">{{cite web |author=UCLA, Language Materials Projects |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php |title=Persian Language |publisher=Iranchamber.com |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102420/http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_language.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first person in Europe to use the term ''Deri'' for ''Dari'' may have been [[Thomas Hyde]] in his chief work, ''Historia religionis veterum Persarum'' (1700).<ref name="Hyde1760">{{cite book|author=Thomas Hyde|title=Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qp5BAAAAcAAJ|access-date=12 July 2013|year=1760|publisher=E Typographeo Clarendoniano}}</ref>

''Dari'' or ''Deri'' has two meanings. It may mean the language of the court:
: "the Zebani Deri (Zeban i Deri or Zaban i Dari = the language of Deri), or the language of the court, and the Zebani Farsi, the dialect of Persia at large (...)"<ref>John Richardson, London, 1777 pg. 15</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/avocabularypers00richgoog|title=A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary|author=John Richardson|editor=Sir Charles Wilkins, David Hopkins|year=1810|publisher=Printed for F. and C. Rivingson|page=[https://archive.org/details/avocabularypers00richgoog/page/n657 643]|access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref>

It may also indicate a form of poetry used from [[Rudaki]] to [[Jami]]. In the fifteenth century it appeared in Herat under the Persian-speaking [[Timurid dynasty]]. The Persian-language poets of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] who used the Indian verse methods or rhyme methods, like [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Bedil]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal]], became familiar with the ''araki'' form of poetry. Iqbal loved both styles of literature and poetry, when he wrote:
{{blockquote|{{nastaliq|گرچه هندی در عذوبت شکر است|prs}} <sup>1</sup><ref>{{cite web|title=تمهید|url=http://ganjoor.net/iqbal/asrar-khodi/sh2/|work=Ganjoor|access-date=12 July 2013|language=fa|year=2013|archive-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729050729/http://ganjoor.net/iqbal/asrar-khodi/sh2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Garči Hindī dar uzūbat šakkar ast''

{{nastaliq|طرز گفتار دری شیرین تر است|prs}}

''tarz-i guftār-i Darī šīrīn tar ast''}}

This can be translated as:

''Even though in euphonious [[Hindustani language|Hindi]] is sugar''&nbsp;–
''Rhyme method in Dari is sweeter''

''Uzūbat'' usually means "bliss", "delight", "sweetness"; in language, literature and poetry, ''uzubat'' also means "euphonious" or "melodic".

Referring to the 14th-century Persian poet [[Hafez]], Iqbal wrote:

{{blockquote|{{nastaliq|شکرشکن شوند همه طوطیان هند|prs}}

''Šakkar-šakan šavand hama tūtīyān-i Hind''

{{nastaliq|زین قند پارسی که به بنگاله می‌رود|prs}}

''zīn qand-i Pārsī ki ba Bangāla mē-ravad''|sign=|source=}}

English translation:

{{blockquote|
''All the parrots of India will crack sugar''

''Through this Persian Candy which is going to Bengal''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jafri|first=Sardar|title=Hafiz Shirazi (1312-1387-89)|journal=Social Scientist|date=January–February 2000|volume=28|issue=1/2|pages=12–31|doi=10.2307/3518055|jstor=3518055}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Impact of Khawaja Hafiz on Iqbal's Thought|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/apr73/5.htm|work=Iqbal|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=12 July 2013|author=Abbadullah Farooqi|year=2013|archive-date=22 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322231928/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/apr73/5.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
Here ''qand-e Pārsī'' ("[[Rock candy]] of Persia") is a metaphor for the Persian language and poetry.

Persian replaced the Central Asian languages of the Eastern Iranic peoples.<ref name="NourzhanovBleuer2013">{{cite book|author1=Kirill Nourzhanov|author2=Christian Bleuer|title=Tajikistan: A Political and Social History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR6oAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=8 October 2013|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-925021-16-5|page=27}}</ref> Ferghana, Samarkand, and Bukhara were starting to be influenced by Dari, and were originally [[Khwarezmian language|Khwarezmian]] and [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]]-speaking areas during [[Samanid]] rule.<ref name="NourzhanovBleuer2013 2">{{cite book|author1=Kirill Nourzhanov|author2=Christian Bleuer|title=Tajikistan: A Political and Social History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nR6oAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|date=8 October 2013|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-925021-16-5|pages=30–|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155342/https://books.google.com/books?id=nR6oAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|url-status=live}}</ref> Dari Persian spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khorasan after the Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule.<ref name="Lapidus2002">{{cite book|author=Ira M. Lapidus|title=A History of Islamic Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA127|date=22 August 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3|page=127}}</ref><ref name="Lapidus2012">{{cite book|author=Ira M. Lapidus|title=Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA255|date=29 October 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51441-5|page=255}}</ref> The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]] in 9th century Khorasan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ira M. Lapidus|title=Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA256|date=29 October 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51441-5|page=256}}</ref> Dari Persian spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranian languages like [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] and Khwarezmian with only a tiny amount of Sogdian descended [[Yaghnobi language|Yaghnobi]] speakers remaining, as the ancestors of [[Tajiks]] started speaking Dari after relinquishing their original language (most likely Bactrian) around this time, due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army which invaded Central Asia also included some Persians who governed the region like the [[Sassanids]].<ref name="Bergne2007">{{cite book|author=Paul Bergne|title=The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3coojMwTKU8C&pg=PA5|date=15 June 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-283-7|page=5}}</ref> Persian was a prestigious high-ranking language and was further rooted into Central Asia by the Samanids.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Bergne|title=The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3coojMwTKU8C&pg=PA6|date=15 June 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-283-7|pages=6–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155343/https://books.google.com/books?id=3coojMwTKU8C&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}</ref> Persian also phased out Sogdian.<ref name="MeriBacharach2006">{{cite book|author1=Josef W. Meri|author2=Jere L. Bacharach|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=sogdian+islam&pg=PA829|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-96692-4|pages=829–|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006155344/https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=sogdian+islam&pg=PA829|url-status=live}}</ref> The role of lingua franca that Sogdian originally played was succeeded by Persian after the arrival of Islam.<ref name="LaetHerrmann1996">{{cite book|author1=Sigfried J. de Laet|author2=Joachim Herrmann|title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&q=sogdian+islam&pg=PA468|date=1 January 1996|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-102812-0|page=468}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/dari/index.html | title=Dari }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/student-papers/language-of-the-mountain-tribe-a-closer-look-at-hazaragi.html | title=Language of the "Mountain Tribe": A Closer Look at Hazaragi | date=12 December 2011 }}</ref>