Editing Dar es Salaam (section)

==Geography==
Dar es Salaam is located at 6°48'&nbsp;S, 39°17'&nbsp;E (−6.8000, 39.2833),<ref>[http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html NGA: Country Files] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |date=May 4, 2012 }}, NGA.mil</ref> on a natural harbour on the coast of East Africa, with sandy beaches in some areas.

===Districts of Dar es Salaam region===
[[File:PPF tower pic.jpg|thumb|upright|PPF tower under construction.]]
{{Further|Regions of Tanzania|Districts of Tanzania}}
Dar es Salaam Region is divided into five administrative districts,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Govt-creates-new-region--6-districts/1840340-2782528-jsde2iz/index.html |title=Govt creates new region, 6 districts |access-date=2017-05-21 |archive-date=2018-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200951/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Govt-creates-new-region--6-districts/1840340-2782528-jsde2iz/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> four of which are governed by municipal councils{{Efn|Apart from Ilala District, which has been governed by a city council since 2021 after the dissolution of the Dar es Salaam City Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Magufuli to dissolve Dar es Salaam City Council |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-to-dissolve-dar-es-salaam-city-council-3302412 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=The Citizen |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227001243/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-to-dissolve-dar-es-salaam-city-council-3302412 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Magufuli officially dissolves Dar es Salaam City Council |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-officially-dissolves-dar-es-salaam-city-council--3303208 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=The Citizen |date=25 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124152/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-officially-dissolves-dar-es-salaam-city-council--3303208 |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=ilala|group=lower-alpha}} that are affiliated with the city's suburbs or wards.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Districts of Dar es Salaam Region
! District
! Population<br>(2016){{r|2016_census|p=7}}
! Area<br>(km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| [[Ilala District]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,528,489
| style="text-align:right;" | 210
|-
| [[Kigamboni|Kigamboni District]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,510,129
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
|-
| [[Kinondoni District]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,164,177
| style="text-align:right;" | 527
|-
| [[Temeke District]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 204,029
| style="text-align:right;" | 656
|-
| [[Ubungo|Ubungo District]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,058,597
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
|-
! Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam Region
!! style="text-align:right;" | 5,465,420
!! style="text-align:right;" | 1,393
|}

====Kinondoni====
Kinondoni is the most populated of the districts. It houses half of the city's population and several high-income suburbs.

[[File:Tanzanite Bridge, From Msasani Ward in Kinondoni District to Kivukoni ward in Ilala District.jpg|thumb|Tanzanite Bridge]]
*Masaki, Oyster Bay and [[Ada Estate]] are the high-income suburbs located along the central beach. During the Colonial Era, they were the major European suburbs of the city. Diplomats and expatriates currently reside in these areas. Oyster Bay Beach (also known as Coco Beach) is the only white sandy beach east of Kinondoni.
*Mikocheni and Regent Estate are also suburbs within the district. These are high and middle-income areas with Mikocheni B enjoying a higher population density than Mikocheni A and Regent Estate. According to the 2012 census, the Mikocheni ward had a population of 32,947.<ref name="2012 Census">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf |date=May 2, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|page 75}}
[[File:Road in Kinondoni MC, Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|Bagamoyo rd, Mwnanyamala, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam]]
*[[Msasani]] is a peninsula to the northeast of the city center and home to expatriates from the United Kingdom and other western countries. It contains a mixture of traditional shops and western-oriented resorts and stores including the redevelopment of the former Msani Slipway shipyard by architect [[Antoni Folkers]]
*Mbezi Beach is the beachfront suburb located along the northern Dar es Salaam Beach. It contains several tourist hotels, residences and a kite-surfing area by Upepo Avenue.
*Sinza, Kijitonyama, Magomeni, [[Kinondoni]] and [[Mwenge, Dar es Salaam|Mwenge]] are more ethnically mixed than the areas above and are located west of Dar es Salaam's Central Business District.

====Ilala====
The administrative district of Ilala contains almost all government offices, ministries, and the Central Business District. It is the transportation hub of the city, as the [[Julius Nyerere International Airport]], Central Railway Station and Tazara Railway Station are all within the district's boundaries. The residential areas are mainly middle- to high-income, among them:
[[File:The Askari Monument in Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Askari Monument]] along Samora Avenue marks the exact centre of Dar es Salaam, in the [[Ilala district]].]]
*Upanga and [[Kisutu]] have the highest concentration of Asian communities within Dar es Salaam, with residents of Indian and Arabic descent. These areas contain colonial houses and mansions built in Indian, Arabic and European styles. Upanga is divided into [[Upanga East]] and [[Upanga West]].
*[[Kariakoo]] is the shopping district of the city: shops, bazaars, and merchants sell products from foodstuffs to hardware. The Kariakoo Market contains the only underground section of the city. It is the major supply point of the food consumed by all Dar es Salaam residents.
*Tabata, Segerea and Ukonga are located slightly farther west from the city center.
*Ilala, among the middle-income suburbs very near to the city center, is marked by the [[Askari Monument]] and suffers from gang activity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=Police arrests 31 members of 'Panya Road' gang in Dar |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/police-arrests-31-members-of-panya-road-gang-in-dar-3807802 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref>

====Temeke====
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
Temeke is the main industrial district of the city, where manufacturing (both heavy and light industry) is located. To the east is the Port of Dar es Salaam, the largest port in the country. Temeke is believed to have the largest concentration of low-income residents due to industry. It is home to military and police officers as well as port officials.
*Kurasini, located on the harbour, contains Dar es Salaam Port, the Police College, the Mgulani Police Barracks and the [[Dar es Salaam International Trade Fair]] grounds. The main residents are police officers and port officials.
[[File:BridgeOfLight.jpg|thumb|[[Kigamboni Bridge]] at night]]
*Chang'ombe is one of the few higher-income areas in Temeke. It has maintained this status due to the presence of African high colonial officers and some industry owners from the Colonial Era. Chang'ombe houses the Dar es Salaam University College of Education, the National Stadium and Uhuru Stadium.
*Temeke, Mtoni, Tandika, Kijichi, and Mbagala are middle to low-income suburbs, of which the last is the largest suburb in the entire district.

====Ubungo====

The Ubungo terminal serves as a transportation link to most large Dar es Salaam urban nodes.{{clarify|what exactly is an urban node?|date=April 2018}} The [[narrow-gauge]] commuter rail runs from there to the city centre, with ten [[level crossing]]s along the route.

This district is characterised with a lot of potential social and economic centres such as industries i.e. Urafiki textile industry, bus station and various institutes and universities such as National Institute of Transport(NIT)

====Kigamboni====
[[Kigamboni]] (also known as South Beach), a beachfront suburb on a peninsula, is home to an economically diverse population. Access to the suburb is mainly by ferry, although the [[Kigamboni Bridge]] provides an alternative.

===Climate===
Dar es Salaam experiences tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and humid weather throughout much of the year due to its proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean. It has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Aw''/''As''). Annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: the "long rains" in April and May, and the "short rains" in November and December.
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| location = Dar es Salaam ([[Julius Nyerere International Airport]]) 1991–2020
| Jan record high C = 35.8
| Feb record high C = 35.2
| Mar record high C = 36.9
| Apr record high C = 35.5
| May record high C = 32.9
| Jun record high C = 33.0
| Jul record high C = 31.8
| Aug record high C = 31.9
| Sep record high C = 33.8
| Oct record high C = 33.7
| Nov record high C = 34.0
| Dec record high C = 34.5
| year record high C = 36.9
| Jan high C = 32.4
| Feb high C = 32.8
| Mar high C = 32.4
| Apr high C = 31.1
| May high C = 30.3
| Jun high C = 30.0
| Jul high C = 29.7
| Aug high C = 30.1
| Sep high C = 30.8
| Oct high C = 31.5
| Nov high C = 31.7
| Dec high C = 32.1
| year high C = 31.2
| Jan mean C = 28.2
| Feb mean C = 28.2
| Mar mean C = 27.7
| Apr mean C = 26.7
| May mean C = 26.0
| Jun mean C = 24.6
| Jul mean C = 23.8
| Aug mean C = 24.1
| Sep mean C = 24.9
| Oct mean C = 26.1
| Nov mean C = 26.9
| Dec mean C = 27.9
| Jan low C = 24.9
| Feb low C = 24.5
| Mar low C = 24.0
| Apr low C = 23.2
| May low C = 22.0
| Jun low C = 20.3
| Jul low C = 19.3
| Aug low C = 19.1
| Sep low C = 19.5
| Oct low C = 20.8
| Nov low C = 22.6
| Dec low C = 24.2
| year low C = 22.0
| Jan record low C = 18.1
| Feb record low C = 18.4
| Mar record low C = 19.6
| Apr record low C = 19.6
| May record low C = 15.9
| Jun record low C = 14.4
| Jul record low C = 13.7
| Aug record low C = 12.8
| Sep record low C = 14.2
| Oct record low C = 15.0
| Nov record low C = 17.6
| Dec record low C = 18.8
| year record low C = 12.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 54.2
| Feb rain mm = 70.8
| Mar rain mm = 169.6
| Apr rain mm = 263.6
| May rain mm = 172.2
| Jun rain mm = 31.3
| Jul rain mm = 15.8
| Aug rain mm = 17.8
| Sep rain mm = 20.2
| Oct rain mm = 77.3
| Nov rain mm = 114.4
| Dec rain mm = 110.2
| year rain mm = 1117.4
| unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| Jan rain days = 4.2
| Feb rain days = 4.2
| Mar rain days = 11.3
| Apr rain days = 16.6
| May rain days = 11.3
| Jun rain days = 3.9
| Jul rain days = 3.0
| Aug rain days = 3.1
| Sep rain days = 3.6
| Oct rain days = 5.4
| Nov rain days = 8.5
| Dec rain days = 7.5
| year rain days = 82.6
| Jan humidity = 77
| Feb humidity = 76
| Mar humidity = 80
| Apr humidity = 84
| May humidity = 81
| Jun humidity = 78
| Jul humidity = 77
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 78
| year humidity = 79
| Jan sun = 235.6
| Feb sun = 223.2
| Mar sun = 213.9
| Apr sun = 156.0
| May sun = 213.9
| Jun sun = 222.0
| Jul sun = 223.2
| Aug sun = 266.6
| Sep sun = 252.0
| Oct sun = 275.9
| Nov sun = 252.0
| Dec sun = 241.8
| year sun = 
| Jand sun = 7.6
| Febd sun = 7.9
| Mard sun = 6.9
| Aprd sun = 5.2
| Mayd sun = 6.9
| Jund sun = 7.4
| Juld sun = 7.2
| Augd sun = 8.6
| Sepd sun = 8.4
| Octd sun = 8.9
| Novd sun = 8.4
| Decd sun = 7.8
| yeard sun = 7.6
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]];<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230916025656/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tanzania/CSV/DAR_ES_SALAAM_63894.csv
| archive-date = 16 September 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tanzania/CSV/DAR_ES_SALAAM_63894.csv
| title = Dar es Salaam Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 16 September 2023}}</ref> all-time extreme temperature<ref name = Mherrera>{{cite web
|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm
|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World
|access-date= 2025-03-08
}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, humidity, and sun),<ref name=DWD>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638940_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Daressalam (Flugh.) / Tansania |work=Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303165309/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638940_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=63894
| title = Normals Data: Dar Es Salaam Int - Tanzania Latitude: 6.87°N Longitude: 39.20°E Height: 55 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

{{Wide image|Dar es Salaam Panorama edit2.jpg|4000px|View of Dar es Salaam's daytime skyline, showing the city centre (Posta) and beyond}}

==== Climate change ====
A 2019 paper published in [[PLOS One]] estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway#4.5|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Dar es Salaam in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Barquisimeto]] in [[Venezuela]]. The annual temperature and  temperatures of the warmest month would increase by {{convert|1.3|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the coldest month would go down by {{convert|0.1|C-change|F-change}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

Moreover, according to the 2022 [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]], Dar es Salaam is one of 12 major African cities ([[Abidjan]], [[Alexandria]], [[Algiers]], [[Cape Town]], [[Casablanca]], [[Dakar]], Dar es Salaam, [[Durban]], [[Lagos]], [[Lomé]], [[Luanda]] and [[Maputo]]) which would be the most severely affected by the future [[sea level rise]]. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from [[marine ice sheet instability]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Cato |first=Conrad |year=1919 |chapter=XII – H.M.S. "Manica" in East Africa |title=The Navy Everywhere |place=[[Constable]]}}</ref> at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 2043–2121</ref> Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>