Editing DNA vaccine (section)

== Applications ==

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{{As of|2021}} no DNA vaccines have been approved for human use in the United States. Few experimental trials have evoked a response strong enough to protect against disease and the technique's usefulness remains to be proven in humans.

A veterinary DNA vaccine to protect horses from West Nile virus has been approved.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ledgerwood JE, Pierson TC, Hubka SA, Desai N, Rucker S, Gordon IJ, Enama ME, Nelson S, Nason M, Gu W, Bundrant N, Koup RA, Bailer RT, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Graham BS | display-authors = 6 | title = A West Nile virus DNA vaccine utilizing a modified promoter induces neutralizing antibody in younger and older healthy adults in a phase I clinical trial | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 203 | issue = 10 | pages = 1396–1404 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21398392 | pmc = 3080891 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jir054 | author16-link = Barney S. Graham | author14-link = John R. Mascola | author15-link = Gary Nabel | author1-link = Julie Ledgerwood }}</ref> Another West Nile virus vaccine has been tested successfully on American robins.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kilpatrick AM, Dupuis AP, Chang GJ, Kramer LD | title = DNA vaccination of American robins (Turdus migratorius) against West Nile virus | journal = Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 377–380 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 19874192 | pmc = 2883478 | doi = 10.1089/vbz.2009.0029 }}</ref>

DNA immunization is also being investigated as a means of developing antivenom sera.<ref name="snake" /> DNA immunization can be used as a technology platform for monoclonal antibody induction.<ref name="mab" />