Editing Czechs (section)

== Genetics ==
{{Further|Genetic history of Europe}}
[[File:Correspondence Analysis of Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic Am J Phys Anthropol 2007.png|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Distribution of populations in selected nations according to their Haplogroup frequencies, ''[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]'', 2007<ref name="Luca2007" />
{{legend|#FFFFFF|Czech samples}}
{{legend|#000000|German samples}}
{{legend|#FF4040|Polish samples}}
{{legend|#2976FF|Italian samples}}
{{legend|#5AFF62|Balkan samples}}
]]

Czechs, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:<ref name="Indo-European"/> Mesolithic [[hunter-gatherer]]s, descended from a [[Early European modern humans|Cro-Magnon]] population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Curry |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |work=National Geographic |date=August 2019 |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235330/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Early European Farmers|Neolithic farmers]] who migrated from [[Anatolia]] during the [[Neolithic Revolution]] 9,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibbons |first1=Ann |title=Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population |journal=Science |date=21 February 2017 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925154535/https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|steppe pastoralists]] who expanded into Europe from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] in the context of [[Indo-European migrations]] 5000 years ago.<ref name="Indo-European">{{Cite journal|last1=Haak |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin |last10=Stewardson |first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |date=11 June 2015 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |arxiv=1502.02783}}</ref>

The population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different [[Pre-modern human migration|human migrations]] that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their [[Y-DNA haplogroup]]s, which are inherited along the male line, Czechs have shown a mix of Eastern and Western European traits. Studies on 1750 and 257 samples found out frequenices of [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]] (34.2-36.94%), [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] (24.78%-28.0%), [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2]] (11.3%), [[Haplogroup I-M253|I1]] (8.33%), [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E]] (5.1-6.63%), [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] (5.1%), [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]] (3.5%), [[Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)|J1]] (0-2%), and [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N]] (1.6%).<ref name="Luca2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Luca | first1 = F. | last2 = Di Giacomo | first2 = F. | last3 = Benincasa | first3 = T. | display-authors = et al | year = 2007 | title = Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic | url = https://art.torvergata.it/bitstream/2108/35058/1/Luca_AJPA_2007.pdf | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 132 | issue = 1 | pages = 132–139 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20500 | pmid = 17078035 | hdl = 2108/35058 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 3 September 2019 | archive-date = 31 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220731080604/https://art.torvergata.it/bitstream/2108/35058/1/Luca_AJPA_2007.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Zastera2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Zastera | first1 = Jan | last2 = Roewer | first2 = Lutz | last3 = Willuweit | first3 = Sascha | display-authors = et al | year = 2010 | title = Assembly of a large Y-STR haplotype database for the Czech population andinvestigation of its substructure | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41848265 | journal = Forensic Science International: Genetics | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = e75–78 | doi = 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.06.005}}</ref><ref name="Kushniarevich2015">{{cite journal|author=A. Kushniarevich|year=2015|title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=10|issue=9|pages=e0135820|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820|pmid=26332464|pmc=4558026|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref> The haplogroup R1a is predominantly represented by its more Western Slavic clade R1a-M458 (>30%) as more Eastern Slavic clade R-M558 is in a small minority (<6%).<ref name="Kushniarevich2015"/><ref>{{Citation |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |year=2015 |title=The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=124–131 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 |pmid=24667786 |pmc=4266736}}</ref> Based on haplotype similarity, Czechs are most similar to neighboring [[Slovaks]], but although "a sharp genetic border was found between Poland and Germany, the frequency distribution of haplotypes in the Czech Republic and its neighbours resembles far more a smooth cline than a sharp border".<ref name="Zastera2010"/><ref name="Kushniarevich2015"/> A [[mtDNA]] study of 179 individuals from Western Bohemia showed that 3% had East Eurasian lineages that perhaps entered the gene pool through admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes in the early Middle Ages.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Malyarchuk|display-authors=et al|title=Mitochondrial DNA Variability in the Czech Population, with Application to the Ethnic History of Slavs|journal=Human Biology|volume=78|issue=6|doi=10.1353/hub.2007.0014|pmid=17564247|year=2006|pages=681–695|s2cid=18334288}}</ref>