Editing Cystic fibrosis (section)

===Lungs and sinuses===
[[File:Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Infections by Age.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Respiratory infections in CF vary according to age.<br><br>Green = ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''<br>Brown = ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''<br>Blue = ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''<br>Red = ''[[Burkholderia cepacia]]'' complex]]
Lung disease results from clogging of the airways due to mucus build-up, decreased [[mucociliary clearance]], and resulting [[inflammation]].<ref name="pmid20299528">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flume PA, Mogayzel PJ, Robinson KA, Rosenblatt RL, Quittell L, Marshall BC | title = Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: pulmonary complications: hemoptysis and pneumothorax | journal = American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume = 182 | issue = 3 | pages = 298–306 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20675678 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.201002-0157OC }}</ref><ref name="kumar2007">{{cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-keXQ6LaXVIC |vauthors=Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Abbas AK, Fausto N|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-keXQ6LaXVIC&pg=PT1253 1253], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-keXQ6LaXVIC&pg=PT1254 1254] }}</ref> In later stages, changes in the architecture of the lung, such as pathology in the major airways ([[bronchiectasis]]), further exacerbate difficulties in breathing. Other signs include high [[blood pressure]] in the lung ([[pulmonary hypertension]]), [[heart failure]], difficulties getting enough [[oxygen]] to the body ([[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]]), and respiratory failure requiring support with breathing masks, such as [[bilevel positive airway pressure]] machines or [[Mechanical ventilation|ventilators]].<ref name="Rowe" /> ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'', ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', and ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' are the three most common organisms causing lung infections in CF patients.<ref name=kumar2007/>{{rp|1254}} In addition, opportunistic infection due to [[Burkholderia cepacia complex|''Burkholderia cepacia'' complex]] can occur, especially through transmission from patient to patient.<ref name="pmid14726455">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saiman L, Siegel J | title = Infection control in cystic fibrosis | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–71 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14726455 | pmc = 321464 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.17.1.57-71.2004 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In addition to typical bacterial infections, people with CF more commonly develop other types of lung diseases. Among these is [[allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], in which the body's response to the common [[fungus]] ''[[Aspergillus fumigatus]]'' causes worsening of breathing problems. Another is infection with ''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|Mycobacterium avium]]'' complex, a group of bacteria related to [[tuberculosis]], which can cause lung damage and do not respond to common antibiotics.<ref name="pmid16266669">{{cite journal | vauthors = Girón RM, Domingo D, Buendía B, Antón E, Ruiz-Velasco LM, Ancochea J | title = [Nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis] | language = es | journal = Archivos de Bronconeumologia | volume = 41 | issue = 10 | pages = 560–565 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16266669 | doi = 10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60283-8 }}</ref>

The mucus in the [[paranasal sinus]]es is equally thick and may also cause blockage of the sinus passages, leading to infection. This may cause facial pain, fever, nasal drainage, and [[headache]]s. Individuals with CF may develop overgrowth of the nasal tissue ([[nasal polyp]]s) due to inflammation from chronic sinus infections.<ref name="pmid20209279">{{cite journal | vauthors = Franco LP, Camargos PA, Becker HM, Guimarães RE | title = Nasal endoscopic evaluation of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis | journal = Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology | volume = 75 | issue = 6 | pages = 806–813 | date = 2009 | pmid = 20209279 | pmc = 9446041 | doi = 10.1590/S1808-86942009000600006 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Recurrent sinonasal polyps can occur in 10% to 25% of CF patients.<ref name=kumar2007/>{{rp|1254}} These polyps can block the nasal passages and increase breathing difficulties.<ref name="pmid15626248">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maldonado M, Martínez A, Alobid I, Mullol J | title = The antrochoanal polyp | journal = Rhinology | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 178–182 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15626248 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1527348">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramsey B, Richardson MA | title = Impact of sinusitis in cystic fibrosis | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 90 | issue = 3 Pt 2 | pages = 547–552 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1527348 | doi = 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90183-3 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Cardiorespiratory complications are the most common causes of death (about 80%) in patients at most CF centers in the United States.<ref name=kumar2007/>{{rp|1254}}