Editing Cumbria (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Cumbria}}
[[File:Castlerigg2.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Castlerigg stone circle]] dates from the late [[Neolithic age]] and was constructed by some of the earliest inhabitants of Cumbria]]

Cumbria was created in April 1974 through an amalgamation of the [[Administrative counties of England|administrative counties]] of [[Cumberland]] and [[Westmorland]], to which parts of [[Lancashire]] (the area known as [[Furness|Lancashire North of the Sands]]) and of the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] were added.<ref name="lga1972">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/schedule/1|title=Local Government Act 1972|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701222339/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1972/70/schedule/1|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Neolithic]] period the area contained an important centre of stone axe production (the so-called [[Langdale axe industry|Langdale axe factory]]), products of which have been found across Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wYOAAAAQAAJ&q=Langdale+axe+industry&pg=PA60|title=Neolithic Britain: New Stone Age Sites of England, Scotland, and Wales|last=Castleden|first=Rodney|date=1992|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415058452|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820172803/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-wYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA60&dq=Langdale+axe+industry&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Langdale%20axe%20industry&f=false|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period, [[stone circle]]s and [[henge]]s were built across the county, and today, Cumbria has one of the largest number of preserved field monuments in England'.<ref>Barrowclough (2010), p. 105.</ref>

While not part of the region conquered in the [[Roman conquest of Britain|Romans' initial conquest of Britain]] in AD 43, most of modern-day Cumbria was later conquered in response to a revolt deposing the Roman-aligned ruler of the [[Brigantes]] in AD 69.<ref>Shotter (2014), p.5</ref> The Romans built a number of fortifications in the area during their occupation, the most famous being [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] [[Hadrian's Wall]] which passes through northern Cumbria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430|title=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820203449/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the end of the period of British history known as [[Roman Britain]] ({{circa|AD 410}}) the inhabitants of Cumbria were [[Cumbric]]-speaking native [[Celtic Britons]] who were probably descendants of the [[Brigantes]] and [[Carvetii]] (sometimes considered to be a sub-tribe of the Brigantes) that the [[Roman Empire]] had conquered in about AD 85.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman ''{{lang|la|[[civitas]]}}'' of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria. The names ''Cumbria'', ''{{lang|cy|Cymru}}'' (the native [[Welsh language|Welsh]] name for [[Wales]]), ''Cambria'', and ''Cumberland'' are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *''kombroges'' in [[Common Brittonic]], which originally meant "compatriots".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cymru&searchmode=none |title=Cymric |work=Online Etymological Dictionary |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427060757/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cymru&searchmode=none |archive-date=27 April 2010 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name=Davies>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=John |title=A History of Wales |publisher=Penguin Books |orig-year=1990 |year=2007 |pages=68–69}}</ref>

Although Cumbria was previously believed to have formed the core of the [[Early Middle Ages]] [[Celtic Britons|Brittonic]] kingdom of [[Rheged]], more recent discoveries near [[Galloway]] appear to contradict this.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The lost Dark Age kingdom of Rheged : the discovery of a royal stronghold at Trusty's Hill, Galloway|last=Ronan|first=Toolis|others=Bowles, Christopher R.|isbn=9781785703126|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxbow Books|oclc=967457029|date = 31 January 2017}}</ref> For the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Celtic [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]] and the [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] [[kingdom of Northumbria]]. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of [[Scotland]] at the time of the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066 and thus was excluded from the [[Domesday Book]] survey of 1086. In 1092 the region was invaded by [[William II of England|William II]] and incorporated into England.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Norman rule in Cumbria, 1092–1136|last=Sharpe|first=Richard|date=2006|publisher=Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society|isbn=978-1873124437|oclc=122952827}}</ref> In 1133 the diocese of Carlisle was founded, cementing Cumbria's position within the English church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holtby |first1=R.T. |title=Carlisle Cathedral |date=1982 |publisher=Pitkin Pictorials |location=London |sbn=85372 345 1 |page=5}}</ref> Cumbria left Scottish hands for the last time in 1157. Nevertheless, the region was dominated by the many [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] of the latter [[Middle Ages]] and [[early modern period]] and the associated [[Border Reivers]] who exploited the dynamic political situation of the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tuck|first=J.A.|date=January 1986|title=The Emergence of a Northern Nobility, 1250–1400|journal=Northern History|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1179/007817286790616516|issn=0078-172X}}</ref> There were at least three [[siege of Carlisle (disambiguation)|sieges of Carlisle]]<!--intentional dab--> fought between England and Scotland, and two further sieges during the [[Jacobite risings]].

After the Jacobite Risings of the 18th century, Cumbria became a more stable place and, as in the rest of [[Northern England]], the [[Industrial Revolution]] caused a large growth in urban populations. In particular, the west coast towns of [[Workington]], [[Millom]] and [[Barrow-in-Furness]] saw large iron and [[steel mill]]s develop, with Barrow also developing a significant [[shipbuilding]] industry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Barrow-in-Furness at Work : People and Industries Through the Years |publisher=Amberley Publishing |last=Gill|first=Jepson|isbn=9781445670041|location=Stroud|oclc=1019605931|date = 15 November 2017}}</ref> [[Kendal]], [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]] and Carlisle all became [[mill town]]s, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. The early 19th century saw the county gain fame when the [[Lake Poets]] and other artists of the [[Romantic movement]], such as [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], lived among, and were inspired by, the lakes and mountains of the region. Later, the children's writer [[Beatrix Potter]] also wrote in the region and became a major landowner, granting much of her property to the [[National Trust]] on her death.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Story of Beatrix Potter |publisher=Pavilion Books  |last=Sarah|first=Gristwood|isbn=9781909881808|location=London|oclc=951610299|date = 9 June 2016}}</ref> In turn, the large amount of land owned by the National Trust assisted in the formation in 1951 of the [[Lake District National Park]],{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} which remains the largest National Park in England and has come to dominate the identity and economy of the county.

[[File:Historic counties within Cumbria.svg|165px|thumb|The historic counties shown within Cumbria
{{legend-line|black solid 2px|Boundary of Cumbria}}
{{Legend|#ffddce|Historic [[Cumberland]]|outline=silver}}
{{Legend|#e4c9f9|Historic [[Westmorland]]|outline=silver}}
{{Legend|#fcff98|Historic [[Lancashire]]|outline=silver}}
{{Legend|#dbfaee|[[West Riding of Yorkshire]]|outline=silver}}]]
The [[Windscale fire]] of 10 October 1957 was the worst [[nuclear accident]] in Great Britain's history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12789749 |title=Fukushima – disaster or distraction? |author=Richard Black |date=18 March 2011 |publisher=BBC |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411003052/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12789749 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cumbria was created in [[Local Government Act 1972|1974]] from the traditional counties of [[Cumberland]] and [[Westmorland]], the Cumberland [[County Borough of Carlisle]], along with the North Lonsdale or [[Furness]] part of [[Lancashire]], usually referred to as "Lancashire North of the Sands", (including the [[county borough]] of [[Barrow-in-Furness]]) and, from the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], the [[Sedbergh Rural District]].<ref name="lga1972" /> Between 1974 and 2023 it was governed by [[Cumbria County Council]] but in 2023 the county council was abolished and replaced by two new unitary authorities [[Cumberland (district)|Cumberland]] Council and [[Westmorland and Furness]] Council, hence Cumbria only now exists as a ceremonial county.

On 2 June 2010, taxi driver Derrick Bird killed 12 people and injured 11 others in [[Cumbria shootings|a shooting spree]] that spanned over {{convert|24|km|mi}} along the Cumbrian coastline.<ref name=times>{{Cite news| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7142413.ece| title = Police identify man wanted over drive-by shootings in Cumbria| work = The Times| access-date = 2 June 2010| date = 2 June 2010| first = Adam| last = Fresco| location = London| archive-date = 14 December 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211214040200/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Local newspapers ''[[The Westmorland Gazette]]'' and ''Cumberland and Westmorland Herald'' continue to use the name of their historic counties. Other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as "Cumbria", as does the Lake District National Park Authority.