Editing Culture of Peru (section)

==Art==
{{Main|Peruvian art}}
[[File:Stirrup-spout vessel with four bosses, Cupisnique culture, Peru north coast, Early Horizon, c. 900-200 BC, ceramic - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC04697.jpg|thumb|left|Stirrup-spout vessel with four bosses from the Cupisnique culture, Peru. ]]
Peru's cultural heritage originates from the ancient [[Andean civilizations]] that emerged in its territory before the arrival of the Spanish.<ref>Lumbreras, L. E. (1974). Nuestro Perú.</ref> The archaeological treasures of [[Peru]] testify to a significant cultural development that occurred without contact with other extracontinental cultures.

The earliest artistic expressions with a high degree of intellectual and technological evolution are found in the sites of [[Chavín de Huántar]] and [[Cupisnique District|Cupisnique]], dated between the 9th and 4th centuries BCE.<ref>Burger, R. L. (1992). Chavín and the origins of Andean civilization. University of Texas Press.</ref> These expressions include silver and gold [[Jewellery|jewelry]], [[Ceramic|ceramics]], [[architecture]], and [[stone sculpture]], reflecting [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolic]] and [[religious art]].<ref>Menzel, D. (1964). The art of ancient Peru. Thames and Hudson.</ref>

Between the 8th century BCE and the 1st century CE, the [[Paracas culture|Paracas Cavernas]] and [[Paracas culture|Paracas Necrópolis]] cultures developed. The former produced polychrome ceramics with religious representations, while the latter is known for its monochrome ceramics and complex, delicate textiles.
[[File:Detail, Bird, Paracas mantle, 0-100 C.E. Brooklyn Museum.jpg|thumb|252x252px|This Paracas mantle would have been used by an adult male, as clothing or for ceremonial purposes, or for both.]]
In the period between the 3rd century BCE and the 7th century CE, the urban cultures of the [[Moche culture|Moche]] in [[Lambayeque Province|Lambayeque]] and the [[Nazca culture|Nazca]] in the Río Grande valley in [[Department of Ica|Ica]] emerged.<ref>Donnan, C. B. (1978). Moche art and iconography. University of Texas Press.</ref> Both cultures are notable for their advanced [[Terrace (earthworks)|terrace agriculture]], [[hydraulic engineering]], and [[Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ceramic]], [[textile]], [[Visual arts|pictorial]], and [[Sculpture|sculptural]] productions.

The [[Wari culture|Wari civilization]], between the 7th and 12th centuries, established in [[Ayacucho]], pioneered rational urban design, a concept that spread to other areas such as [[Pachacamac|Pachacámac]], [[Cajamarquilla]], and [[Wari Willka]]. The [[Tiwanaku Empire|Tiahuanaco culture]], which developed on the shores of [[Lake Titicaca]] between the 9th and 13th centuries, is known for its monumental stone [[architecture]] and [[sculpture]], facilitated by the use of [[bronze]].

The [[Chimor|Chimú people]], between the 14th and 15th centuries, built the city of [[Chan Chan]] in the Moche River valley in [[La Libertad (Department of Peru)|La Libertad]], and they excelled in [[Jewellery|jewelry]]-making and [[hydraulic engineering]].
[[File:Lima Convento de San Francisco.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Basilica and Convent of San Francisco in Lima, Peru.]]
The [[History of the Incas|Inca civilization]], which absorbed much of the cultural legacy of its predecessors, left significant evidence such as the cities of [[Cusco|Cuzco]], the architectural remains of [[Sacsayhuamán|Sacsahuamán]] and [[Machu Picchu]], and a network of roads connecting [[Cusco|Cuzco]] with other regions of the [[Inca Empire|empire]].<ref>Isbell, W. H. (1997). The empire of the Inca. University of Chicago Press.</ref> The arrival of the Spanish led to a cultural blending reflected in [[Architecture of Peru|Peruvian architecture]], combining European styles with indigenous influences. After the [[Renaissance|Renaissance period]], the [[Baroque]] reached a rich expression in buildings such as the [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Convent of San Francisco]] in [[Lima]] and the [[Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco|Iglesia de la Compañia]] in [[Cusco|Cuzco]].

The [[Peruvian War of Independence|War of Independence]] created a creative void that French-inspired [[Neoclassicism]] attempted to fill. During the 20th century, architectural eclecticism was observed, with constructive functionalism emerging as a response, exemplified by the [[Plaza San Martín, Lima|Plaza San Martín]] in [[Lima]].

Peruvian sculpture and painting developed from workshops founded by religious figures, influenced by the Sevillian Baroque school. This artistic movement can be seen in works such as the choir stalls of the [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima|cathedral]] and the [[Fountain of the Plaza Mayor, Lima|fountain]] in the [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Plaza Mayor]].
[[File:El ingreso del presidente Luis José de Orbegoso a Lima.jpg|thumb|247x247px|''The Entry of President [[Luis José de Orbegoso]] to Lima.'' (1842) painted by Ignacio Merino.]]
Artistic mestizaje was more evident in painting, which incorporated elements of native heritage. Examples include the portrait of the imprisoned Atahualpa by Damián de la Bastida y Mora and the works of artists such as [[Matteo Pérez|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]], [[Angelino Medoro]], Francisco Bejarano, Jesús de Illescas, and Joaquín Rodríguez.<ref>Romero, E. (1970). Historia del Perú.</ref>

During the 17th and 18th centuries, [[Baroque]] dominated the [[visual arts]], while in the 19th century, [[Neoclassicism in France|French Neoclassical]] and [[French Romanticism|Romantic]] currents found their best representatives in [[Luis Montero Cáceres|Luis Montero]], [[Ignacio Merino]], and Francisco Masías.<ref name="auto"/>

In the 20th century, the foundation of the [[National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts, Lima|School of Fine Arts of Lima]] in 1919 marked a milestone in Peruvian sculpture and painting. Notable sculptors include Luis Agurto, Luis Valdettaro, [[Joaquín Roca Rey]], [[Jorge Piqueras]], Alberto Guzmán, [[Víctor Delfín]], and Francisco Sánchez, and painters such as [[Daniel Hernández Morillo]], Ricardo Grau, César Quispez Asín, and [[José Sabogal]]. The latter led the indigenist movement, a pillar of contemporary Peruvian painting, with representatives such as [[Fernando de Szyszlo]], Alberto Dávila, [[Armando Villegas]], Sabino Springett, Víctor Humareda, Mario Alejandro Cuadros, Ángel Chávez, Milner Cajahuaringa, Arturo Kubotta, [[Venancio Shinki]], Alberto Quintanilla, Germán Chávez, [[Tilsa Tsuchiya]], David Herskowitz, [[Oscar Allain|Óscar Allain]], and Carlos Revilla.<ref>Tauro del Pino, A. (1981). Enciclopedia ilustrada del Perú.</ref>

Among the most widespread crafts in [[Peru]] are [[Ceramic|ceramics]], both artistic and utilitarian, [[carving]], [[Household silver|silverwork]], [[Repoussé and chasing|leather embossing]], [[Straw plaiting|straw weaving]], and [[Textile industry|textile work]], with colorful [[Alpaca fiber|alpaca wool]] fabrics standing out.