Editing Culture of Canada (section)

===History===
====Influences====
{{Main|Canadians|History of Canada}}
[[File:Fur traders in canada 1777.jpg|right|thumb|[[Fur trade]]rs at work as depicted in 1777 by [[Claude J. Sauthier]]]]
For thousands of years, Canada has been inhabited by [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|indigenous peoples]] from a variety of [[Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas|different cultures]] and of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|several major linguistic groupings]].<ref name="FriesenHarrison2010m">{{cite book|first1=Trevor W.|last1=Harrison|first2=John W.|last2=Friesen|title=Canadian Society in the Tw.enty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA186|year=2010|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-371-0|page=186}}</ref> Although not without conflict and bloodshed, early European interactions with [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and [[Inuit]] populations in what is now Canada were arguably peaceful.<ref name="Preston2009">{{cite book|first=David L.|last=Preston|title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7|pages=43–44|access-date=September 27, 2016|archive-date=March 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316173811/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}</ref> First Nations and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] peoples played a critical part in the development of [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada]], particularly for their role in assisting European [[coureur des bois]] and [[voyageurs]] in the exploration of the continent during the [[North American fur trade]].<ref name="Miller2009">{{cite book|author=J.R. Miller|title=Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcPckf7snr8C&pg=PT34|year=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-9227-5|page=34|access-date=September 27, 2016|archive-date=March 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316173822/https://books.google.com/books?id=TcPckf7snr8C&pg=PT34|url-status=live}}</ref> Over the course of three centuries, countless North American Indigenous words, inventions, concepts, and games have become an everyday part of [[Languages of Canada|Canadian language]] and use.<ref name=Edinburgh>{{cite web|last=Newhouse |first=David |url=http://www.cst.ed.ac.uk/2005conference/papers/Newhouse_paper.pdf |title=Hidden in Plain Sight Aboriginal Contributions to Canada and Canadian Identity Creating a new Indian Problem |work=Centre of Canadian Studies, University of Edinburgh |access-date=October 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723221908/http://www.cst.ed.ac.uk/2005conference/papers/Newhouse_paper.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2011  }}</ref> [[List of place names in Canada of aboriginal origin|Many places in Canada]], both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. The [[Name of Canada|name "Canada"]] itself derives from the [[Laurentian language|St. Lawrence Huron-Iroquoian]] word "Kanata" meaning "village" or "settlement".<ref name=places/> The name of Canada's capital city [[Ottawa]] comes from the [[Algonquin language]] term "adawe" meaning "to trade".<ref name=places>{{cite web |url=http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/mr/is/info106-eng.asp |title=Aboriginal place names contribute to a rich tapestry |work=Indian and Northern Affairs Canada |access-date=October 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210042502/http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/mr/is/info106-eng.asp |archive-date=February 10, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Keep All Canadians Busy - Victory bonds poster.jpg|upright|left|thumb|A Canadian [[war bond]] poster that depicts an industrious beaver, a [[National symbols of Canada|national symbol of Canada]]]]

In the 17th-century, French colonials settled [[New France]] in [[Acadia]], in the present-day [[The Maritimes|Maritimes]], and in ''[[Canada (New France)|Canada]]'', along the [[St. Lawrence River]] in present-day [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]].<ref name="Hudson2002">{{cite book|first=John C.|last=Hudson|title=Across this land: a regional geography of the United States and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQUbfAWhh-oC&pg=PA15|year= 2002|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6567-1|page=15}}</ref> These regions were under [[French colonial empire|French control]] from 1534 to 1763. However, the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|conquered Acadia]] in 1710 and [[Conquest of New France (1758–1760)|conquered ''Canada'']] in 1760. The British were able to [[Deportation of the Acadians|deport most of the Acadians]], but they were unable to deport the [[Canadien]]s of ''[[Canada (New France)|Canada]]'' because they severely outnumbered the British forces. The British therefore had to [[Conquest of New France (1758–1760)#Consequences|make deals with Canadiens]] and [[Quebec nationalism|hope they would one day become assimilated]].<ref name="Powell2009v">{{cite book|first=John|last=Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA45|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=45}}</ref> The [[American Revolution]], from 1775 to 1783, provoked the migration of 40,000 to 50,000 [[United Empire Loyalist]]s from the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the newly conquered British lands, which brought American influences to Canada for the first time.<ref name="Powell2009v"/> Following the [[War of 1812]], many [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]] and [[English Canadian|English]] people settled in [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]]. Many [[Irish people]] fleeing the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] also arrived between 1845 and 1852.<ref name="Powell2009v"/>

The [[Canadian Forces]] and overall civilian participation in the [[Military history of Canada during World War I|First World War]] and [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Second World War]] helped to foster [[Canadian nationalism]];<ref name="Francisags">{{cite book|editor=R. Douglas Francis|title=Canada and the British World: Culture, Migration, and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTEB8q-yzEwC&pg=PA2|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4031-6|page=2|date=November 1, 2011}}</ref> however, in 1917 and 1944, [[Conscription Crisis of 1917|conscription crises]] highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.<ref name="Taucar2002hy">{{cite book|author=Christopher Edward Taucar|title=Canadian Federalism and Quebec Sovereignty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t17352tmB74C&pg=PA47|volume= 47 |year=2002|publisher=American university studies: Political science|isbn=978-0-8204-6242-4|pages=47–48}}</ref> As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.<ref name="Thompson2013c">{{cite book|first=Wayne C.|last=Thompson|title=Canada World Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fuXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|year=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4758-0474-4|page=61}}</ref> Canada, until the 1940s, was often described as "[[Multinational state|binational]]", with the 2 components being the cultural, linguistic and political identities of [[English Canadian]]s and of [[French Canadian]]s.<ref name="Robinson1991">{{cite book|first=Guy M.|last=Robinson|title=A Social geography of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kwGvh6kmIsC&pg=PA86|year=1991|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-092-2|page=86}}</ref>

Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the [[Continuous journey regulation]] and ''[[Chinese Immigration Act, 1923|Chinese Immigration Act]]'') that had favoured British, American and other European immigrants (such as [[Canadians of Dutch descent|Dutch]], [[German Canadian|German]], [[Italian Canadians|Italian]], [[Polish Canadians|Polish]], [[Swedish Canadian|Swedish]] and [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]]) were amended during the 1960s,<ref name="Kivisto2008j">{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Kivisto|title=Multiculturalism in a Global Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AuRZzuF0tsC&pg=PA90|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-69480-0|page=90}}</ref><ref name="Bromley2011">{{cite book|author=Patricia E.. Bromley|title=Human Rights, Diversity, and National Identity: Changes in Civic Education Textbooks Cross-nationally (1970–2008) and in British Columbia (1871–2008)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-wJmwGN0GUC&pg=PA107|year=2011|publisher=Stanford University|pages=107–108|id=STANFORD:XT006FZ3167}}</ref> resulting in an influx of people of many different ethnicities.<ref name="KsenychLiu2001">{{cite book|first1=Edward|last1=Ksenych|first2=David|last2=Liu|title=Conflict, order and action: readings in sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdvsIo7V9HgC&pg=PA407|year=2001|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-192-1|page=407}}</ref> By the end of the 20th century, immigrants were increasingly [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]], [[Indian Canadian|Indian]], [[Vietnamese Canadian|Vietnamese]], [[Jamaican Canadian|Jamaican]], [[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]], [[Lebanese Canadians|Lebanese]], [[Pakistani Canadians|Pakistani]] and [[Haitian Canadian|Haitian]].<ref name=Multicultural>{{cite web|title=Immigration Policy in the 1970s|url=http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i2/10|publisher=Canadian Heritage (Multicultural Canada)|year=2004|access-date=April 12, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105062130/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i2/10|archive-date=November 5, 2009}}</ref> By the 21st century Canada had [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|thirty four ethnic groups]] with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller numbers.<ref name=stats>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/index-eng.cfm|title=2006 Census release topics|publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=January 16, 2011|archive-date=September 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930221510/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/index-eng.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, 16.2% of the population self-identify as a [[visible minority]].<ref name=stats/>

====Development of popular culture====
[[File:Good old days of ice hockey.png|upright=1.2|thumb|"Ye Gude Olde Days" from ''[[Hockey: Canada's Royal Winter Game]]'', 1899|alt=Cartoon drawing of hockey game and people falling through the ice]]
Themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders played an important part in the early development of Canadian culture.<ref name="pioneer lit">{{cite web
|url=http://www.canadiana.org/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers7_e.html
|title=Canada in the Making: Pioneers and Immigrants
|publisher=The History Channel
|date=August 25, 2005
|access-date=November 30, 2006
|archive-date=January 21, 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121030210/http://www.canadiana.org/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers7_e.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Modern Canadian culture as it is understood today can be traced to its time [[Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)#Expansion|period of westward expansion]] and nation building.<ref name="Blad2011">{{cite book|first=Cory|last=Blad|title=Neoliberalism and National Culture: State-Building and Legitimacy in Canada and Québec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV9KqcFm7rcC&pg=PA62|date=23 September 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-21111-7|pages=62–}}</ref> Contributing factors include Canada's unique geography, climate, and cultural makeup. Being a cold country with long winter nights for most of the year, certain unique leisure activities developed in Canada during this period including [[ice hockey]] and embracement of the summer indigenous game of [[lacrosse]].<ref>Suzanne Morton, "Leisure," ''Oxford Companion to Canadian History'' (2006) pp 355–56.</ref><ref>George Karlis, ''Leisure and recreation in Canadian society: An introduction'' (2011).</ref><ref>Gerald Redmond, "Some Aspects of Organized Sport and Leisure in Nineteenth-Century Canada." ''Loisir et société/Society and Leisure'' 2#1 (1979): 71–100.</ref>

By the 19th century, [[Canadians]] came to believe themselves possessed of a unique "northern character," due to the long, harsh winters that only those of hardy body and mind could survive.<ref name="Cameron1997">{{cite book|first=Elspeth|last=Cameron|title=Canadian Culture: An Introductory Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlaMbSkgwL4C&pg=PA84|year=1997|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-090-0|page=84}}</ref> This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait, and sports that reflected this, such as [[snowshoeing]] and [[cross-country skiing]], were asserted as characteristically Canadian.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Dave |last=Brown |title=The Northern Character Theme and Sport in Nineteenth Century Canada |journal=Canadian Journal of History of Sport |date=1989 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1123/cjhs.20.1.47}}</ref> During this period, the churches tried to influence leisure activities by preaching against drinking, and scheduling annual revivals and weekly club activities.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lynne Sorrel Marks|title=Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure, and Identity in Late-nineteenth-century Small-town Ontario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2T4miKwsIIcC&pg=PR1|year=1996|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802078001}}</ref> In a society in which most middle-class families now owned a harmonium or piano, and standard education included at least the rudiments of music, the result was often an original song.<ref>The Piano Concerto in Canada, 1900–1980 a bibliographic survey. by Zuk, Ireneus.  Baltimore, Md. Peabody Institute, 1985. 429 p. (Ref ML128 .P3Z85 1985t)</ref> Such stirrings frequently occurred in response to noteworthy events, and few local or national excitements were allowed to pass without some musical comment.<ref name="Century" >Making Music: Profiles from a Century of Canadian Music, Alex Barris and Ted Barris. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2001.</ref><ref>''Canadian news facts'' v. 35 no. 22 (15 December 2001. {{ISSN|0008-4565}}</ref>

By the 1930s, radio played a major role in uniting Canadians behind their local or regional teams. Rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage and the propagation of [[Canadian folklore|national myths]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lorenz | first1 = Stacy L. | year = 2000 | title = "A Lively Interest on the Prairies": Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport,' 1870–1939 | journal = Journal of Sports History | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 195–227 }}</ref> Outside the sports and music arena, Canadians expressed a national character of being hard working, peaceful, orderly and polite.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Michael A. |last=Robidoux |title=Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=Spring 2002 |volume=115 |issue=456 |pages=209–225 |jstor=4129220 |doi=10.1353/jaf.2002.0021|s2cid=144703704 }}</ref>