Editing Crumhorn (section)

==Description==
[[File:Walraversijde95.jpg|thumb|Two crumhorns, 5 & 6 from left. ]]
The crumhorn is a ''capped reed'' instrument. Its construction is similar to that of the chanter of a [[bagpipes|bagpipe]]. A [[double reed]] is mounted inside a long windcap. Blowing through a slot in the windcap produces a musical note. The pitch of the note can be varied by opening or closing finger holes along the length of the pipe. One unusual feature of the crumhorn is its shape; the end is bent upwards in a curve resembling the letter 'J'. The curve is decorative only and does not influence the sound.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/crumhorn.htm |title=The Crumhorn |access-date=2017-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113105448/http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/crumhorn.htm |archive-date=2018-01-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Crumhorns make a strong buzzing sound, but quieter than their conical-bore relatives the [[rauschpfeife]] and [[shawm]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}<!--Boydell, in the New Grove article, says crumhorns were commonly played together with sackbuts, and are shown in the Triumphzug Maximilians playing together with shawms, concluding that "crumhorns had a much stronger sound than is often thought"; he stops short of saying how strong, however, and clearly believes somebody "often thinks" they are softer--but who?--> They have a limited range, usually a ninth. While it is theoretically possible to get the reed to overblow a twelfth above the fundamental note, this is extremely difficult because the reed is not held in the mouth (and even if done would result in a gap of two notes in the scale on historical instruments), and in practice all playing is confined to the fundamental series. Some larger instruments have their range extended downwards by means of additional holes, keys and sliders, and the pitch of the instrument can be lowered a perfect fourth by dropping the breath pressure (called "underblowing"). Some modern instruments have their range extended upwards to an eleventh by two keys. Crumhorns can be chromatically played by using cross-fingerings, except for the minor second above the lowest note.