Editing Crowd psychology (section)

==Types of crowds==

There is limited research into the types of crowd and crowd membership and there is no consensus as to the classification of types of crowds. Two recent scholars, Momboisse (1967)<ref>{{cite book |last=Momboisse |first=Raymond |title=Riots, Revolts and Insurrections |location=Springfield, Ill. |publisher=Charles Thomas |year=1967 |oclc=512791 }}</ref> and Berlonghi (1995)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Berlonghi |first=Alexander E. |title=Understanding and planning for different spectator crowds |journal=Safety Science |volume=18 |issue=4 |year=1995 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.1016/0925-7535(94)00033-Y }}</ref> focused upon purpose of existence to differentiate among crowds. Momboisse developed a system of four types: casual, conventional, expressive, and aggressive. Berlonghi classified crowds as spectator, demonstrator, or escaping, to correlate to the purpose for gathering.

Another approach to classifying crowds is sociologist Herbert Blumer's system of emotional intensity. He distinguishes four types of crowds: casual, conventional, expressive, and active. A group of people who just so happen to be at the same location at the same time is known as a casual crowd. This kind of mob lacks any true identity, long-term goal, or shared connection.<ref name="Publisher">{{Cite journal |last=Publisher |first=Author removed at request of original |date=2016-04-08 |title=21.1 Types of Collective Behavior |url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/21-1-types-of-collective-behavior/ |language=en}}</ref> A group of individuals who come together for a particular reason is known as a conventional crowd. They could be going to a theater, concert, movie, or lecture. According to [[Erich Goode]], conventional crowds behave in a very conventional and hence somewhat structured manner; as their name suggests, they do not truly act out collective behavior.<ref name="Publisher"/> A group of people who come together solely to show their excitement and feelings is known as an expressive crowd. A political candidate's rally, a religious revival, and celebrations like Mardi Gras are a few examples.<ref name="Publisher"/>  An active crowd behaves violently or in other damaging ways, such looting, going above and beyond an expressive crowd. One of the main examples of an acting crowd is a mob, which is an extremely emotional group that either commits or is prepared to do violence.<ref name="Publisher"/> A crowd changes its level of emotional intensity over time, and therefore, can be classed in any one of the four types.

Generally, researchers in crowd psychology have focused on the negative aspects of crowds,<ref name=Ref.1/> but not all crowds are volatile or negative in nature. For example, in the beginning of the socialist movement crowds were asked to put on their Sunday dress and march silently down the street. A more-modern example involves the sit-ins during the [[Civil Rights movement]]. Crowds can reflect and challenge the held ideologies of their sociocultural environment. They can also serve integrative social functions, creating temporary communities.<ref name="Ref.3"/><ref name=Ref.1/>

Crowds can be defined as active ("mobs") or passive ("audiences"). Active crowds can be further divided into aggressive, escapist, acquisitive, or expressive mobs.<ref name=Ref.3/> Aggressive mobs are often violent and outwardly focused. Examples are football riots''','''the [[1992 Los Angeles riots|Los Angeles riots of 1992]]''',''' and '''t'''he [[2011 England riots|2011 English riots]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stott |first1=Clifford |last2=Drury |first2=John |date=2016-08-02 |title=Contemporary understanding of riots: Classical crowd psychology, ideology and the social identity approach |url=https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Contemporary_understanding_of_riots_classical_crowd_psychology_ideology_and_the_social_identity_approach/23428619/1/files/41142500.pdf |journal=Public Understanding of Science |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=2–14 |doi=10.1177/0963662516639872 |pmid=27036665 |issn=0963-6625}}</ref> Escapist mobs are characterized by a large number of people trying to get out of a dangerous situation like the November 2021 [[Astroworld Festival crowd crush|Astroworld Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astroworld Festival timeline: How the tragedy unfolded |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/astroworld-festival-timeline-tragedy-unfolded/story?id=81036039 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> Incidents involving crowds are often reported by media as the results of "panic",<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feliciani |first1=Claudio |last2=Corbetta |first2=Alessandro |last3=Haghani |first3=Milad |last4=Nishinari |first4=Katsuhiro |date=2024-04-01 |title=How crowd accidents are reported in the news media: Lexical and sentiment analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753524000134 |journal=[[Safety Science]] |volume=172 |pages=106423 |doi=10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106423 |arxiv=2309.14633 |s2cid=262824786 |issn=0925-7535}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haghani |first1=Milad |last2=Lovreglio |first2=Ruggiero |date=2022-12-09 |title=Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf5949 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=378 |issue=6624 |pages=1060–1061 |doi=10.1126/science.adf5949 |pmid=36480619 |bibcode=2022Sci...378.1060H |s2cid=254485601 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> but some experts have criticized the media's implication that panic is a main cause of crowd disasters, noting that actual panic is relatively rare in fire situations, and that the major factors in dangerous crowd incidents are infrastructure design, crowd density and breakdowns in communication.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fahy |first1=Rita F. |last2=Proulx |first2=Guylène |last3=Aiman |first3=Lata |date=August 2012 |title=Panic or not in fire: Clarifying the misconception |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.1083 |journal=Fire and Materials |language=en |volume=36 |issue=5–6 |pages=328–338 |doi=10.1002/fam.1083 |s2cid=145326665 |issn=0308-0501|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haghani |first1=Milad |last2=Cristiani |first2=Emiliano |last3=Bode |first3=Nikolai W. F. |last4=Boltes |first4=Maik |last5=Corbetta |first5=Alessandro |date=2019-08-08 |title=Panic, Irrationality, and Herding: Three Ambiguous Terms in Crowd Dynamics Research |journal=Journal of Advanced Transportation |language=en |volume=2019 |pages=e9267643 |doi=10.1155/2019/9267643 |doi-access=free |issn=0197-6729|hdl=11343/227617 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haghani |first1=Milad |last2=Coughlan |first2=Matt |last3=Crabb |first3=Ben |last4=Dierickx |first4=Anton |last5=Feliciani |first5=Claudio |last6=van Gelder |first6=Roderick |last7=Geoerg |first7=Paul |last8=Hocaoglu |first8=Nazli |last9=Laws |first9=Steve |last10=Lovreglio |first10=Ruggiero |last11=Miles |first11=Zoe |last12=Nicolas |first12=Alexandre |last13=O'Toole |first13=William J. |last14=Schaap |first14=Syan |last15=Semmens |first15=Travis |date=2023-12-01 |title=A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target |url=https://vuir.vu.edu.au/47150/1/1-s2.0-S0925753523002345-main.pdf |journal=[[Safety Science]] |volume=168 |pages=106292 |doi=10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106292 |issn=0925-7535}}</ref> Acquisitive mobs occur when large numbers of people are fighting for limited resources. An expressive mob is any other large group of people gathering for an active purpose. Civil disobedience, rock concerts, and religious revivals all fall under this category.<ref name="Ref.3" />