Editing Crow Agency, Montana (section)

==History of the three locations of the "Crow Agency"==

The term "Crow Agency" has been historically used since 1868 for the headquarters where the United States directed the federal interaction with the Crow tribe on its reservation.  The Crow Tribe's reservations, and the tribe's relations to the United States were defined by treaties between the Crow Tribe and the United States, and by United States statutes.

===A Reservation Without An Agency (1851-1868)===

The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 created extensive reservation lands for the Indian tribes in Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas at a time when the non-Indian presence in this area was limited to roving traders.  A large reservation for the Crow Tribe was set out that was centered on the Big Horn Mountains and extended eastward into the Powder River basin to the banks of the Powder River.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851.|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm|publisher=Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.|accessdate=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead}} Article 5 describes the Crow lands as follows: "The territory of the Crow Nation, commencing at the mouth of Powder River on the Yellowstone; thence up Powder River to its source; thence along the main range of the Black Hills and Wind River Mountains to the head-waters of the Yellowstone River; thence down the Yellowstone River to the mouth of Twenty-five Yard Creek; thence to the head waters of the Muscle-shell River; thence down the Muscle-shell River to its mouth; thence to the head-waters of Big Dry Creek, and thence to its mouth."</ref>  However, this treaty did not indicate agency sites for any of the tribes, including the Crows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851.|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm|publisher=Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.|accessdate=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>  At the time of the treaty, 1851 the Crow tribe consisted of nomadic bands whose culture was based on hunting the migratory buffalo herds, including those herds in the Powder River Country.  Hunting in the Powder River area on the east side of the Big Horn Mountains brought the Crow in increasing conflict with more powerful bands of Sioux who were migrating westward.  In 1863 gold was discovered in commercial quantities in the mountains of the western Montana Territory.  Travelers to the gold fields left the Oregon Trail and traveled through the Powder River country, going up the east side of the Big Horns to the Yellowstone valley, and then westward.  This route became known as the Bozeman Trail, and three forts were built to protect travelers.  The Sioux conducted an all out war against the forts and the travelers on the Bozeman Trail called "Red Cloud's War", which finally forced the United States to agree to abandon the forts, and close the trail, and to remake the boundaries of the reservations for the Crow and Sioux in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.

===The First Crow Agency (1868-1874)===

The Fort Laramie "Treaty with the Crows, 1868",<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty With the Crows, 1868.|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cro1008.htm#mn5|publisher=Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.|accessdate=4 October 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220136/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cro1008.htm#mn5|url-status=dead}}</ref> was one of a series of treaties that recognized the encroaching presence of the Sioux tribes into the Powder River Basin, and gave them that entire area as a hunting preserve.<ref name="1868 Sioux">{{cite web|title=Treaty With the Sioux-Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee—And Arapaho, 1868.|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm|publisher=Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.|accessdate=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm|archive-date=26 November 2011|url-status=dead}} The Treaty with the Sioux in 1868, in Article 16 gave the Sioux "the country north of the North Platte River and east of the summits of the Big Horn Mountains" as "unceded Indian territory", and this same Article committed the U.S. to abandoning the military posts in this area, and the "road leading to them" (i.e. the Bozeman Trail) "shall be closed".  This huge grant of an area had only a western and southern boundary, and presumably had a boundary on the western edge of the ceded lands of the Sioux reservation, but had no northern boundary.</ref>   The separate 1868 treaty with the Crow moved the center of the Crow lands to the west of the Powder River Basin, into the western portions of the Yellowstone Valley.  The 1868 Treaty provided for annuities and other federal support, and stipulated that the Crow would have an agency "on the south side of the Yellowstone, near Otter Creek", close to present day [[Big Timber, Montana]]. The first Crow Agency (1869-1874) was eventually constructed about eight miles east of present-day [[Livingston, Montana]] on Mission Creek, and became known as [[Fort Parker]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fort Parker: The First Crow Indian Agency|url=http://fortparkerhistory.org/|publisher=The Fort Parker Project|accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref> This first Crow Agency was located in the western reaches of the Yellowstone River Valley, north of the [[Absaroka Range]] of Mountains.  The Crows continued a largely nomadic life style hunting on the buffalo ranges to the east, though this brought them in constant but sporadic conflict with the Sioux who dominated the Powder River area.

===The Second Crow Agency (1875-1884)===
[[File:Crow Reservation 06.jpg|thumb|Landforms near Crow Agency, Montana]]
In 1874 miners encroached on the western margins of Crow lands in the Absaroka Range, and the reservation was reduced in 1875.  The first Crow Agency was within these ceded lands and so the Agency was  relocated eastward to a new site just south of modern-day [[Absarokee, Montana]]. The second Crow Agency (1875-1884) was still located north of the [[Absaroka Range]] of Mountains but about 66 miles further east of Fort Parker in the Yellowstone Valley, on the Stillwater River which was a tributary of the Yellowstone River.

The nine year period from 1875 to 1884 was a time of rapid transition on the plains of eastern Montana and Wyoming.  In 1876 the Crows provided scouts for the United States military forces in the [[Great Sioux War of 1876]].  The defeat by the Sioux of [[Custer|George Armstrong Custer]] at the [[Battle of the Little Big Horn]] in 1876 resulted in a concerted military backlash against the Sioux, and by 1877 and 1878 the hostile bands of Sioux had either fled to Canada, or they had surrendered and were confined to reservations along the Missouri River in the Dakotas. This initially left the Crows more secure in their use of the buffalo ranges on the eastern Montana and Wyoming plains, but in 1876 and 1877 federal forts were built across this area.  With hostile Indian presence essentially neutralized, hide hunters came to harvest the northern buffalo herds. By 1882 the buffalo were gone from this area.  Also, in 1880 the Northern Pacific Railroad began building eastward from Bismarck, ND, and in 1882 they completed their northern transcontinental line, which passed up the Yellowstone River valley just as the last of the buffalo disappeared.  Almost at once large Texas trail herds arrived in the Montana Territory to exploit the now empty open range on the vast plains of central and eastern  Montana.  These successive rapid changes in this 9-year period eliminated the herds of bison and reduced other wild game on which the Crow culture relied, and ended forever the Crow's nomadic way of life.

===The Third Crow Agency (1884 to Present)===

In 1884 these events led to the last movement of the Crow Agency to the site of its third and final location at present day Crow Agency, Montana, 60 miles SE of Billings on the Little Bighorn River.  This move of over a hundred miles eastward removed the Crow people from the vicinity of the Absaroka Range of Mountains, and from the Yellowstone River valley, and placed their reservation center on the east side of the Big Horn Mountains, on the western edge of the Powder River Basin of the northern great plains.