Editing Crimea (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Crimea}}
[[File:Sevastopol Chersonesus Basilica of 1935 IMG 0669 1725.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the ancient Greek colony of [[Chersonesus]]]]

===Ancient history===
{{further|Bosporan Kingdom|Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|Crimea in the Roman era}}

The recorded history of Crimea begins around 5th century BCE when several [[Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea|Greek colonies]] were established on its [[Southern Coast (Crimea)|south coast]], the most important of which was [[Chersonesos]] near modern-day [[Sevastopol]], with [[Scythians]] and [[Tauri]] in the hinterland to the north. The Tauri gave the name the Tauric Peninsula, which Crimea was called into the [[early modern period]]. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the [[Bosporan Kingdom]] which was annexed by [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] in Asia Minor and later became a [[client kingdom]] of [[Roman Crimea|Rome]] from 63 BCE to 341 CE.

===Medieval history===
[[File:Sudak, Crimea, The Genoese Fortress.jpg|thumb|Genoese fortress in [[Sudak]], 13th century, [[Republic of Genoa]], originally a fortified [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] town, seventh century]]

The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the [[Cherson (theme)|Byzantine Empire]] (341–1204 CE), the [[Empire of Trebizond]] (1204–1461 CE), and the independent [[Principality of Theodoro]] (ended 1475 CE). In the 13th century, some Crimean port cities were controlled by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] and by the [[Republic of Genoa|Genovese]], but the interior was much less stable, enduring a [[The Crimean Steppe|long series of conquests and invasions]]. In the medieval period, it was partially conquered by [[Kievan Rus']] whose [[Vladimir the Great|prince]] was baptized at [[Chersonesus Cathedral|Sevastopol]] starting the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']].<ref name="Norwich2013">{{cite book|author=John Julius Norwich|title=A Short History of Byzantium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JtvMQEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Penguin Books, Limited|isbn=978-0-241-95305-1|page= 210}}</ref>

===Mongol Conquest (1238–1449)===
The north and centre of Crimea fell to the [[Mongol]] [[Golden Horde]], although the south coast was still controlled by the Christian [[Principality of Theodoro]] and [[Gazaria (Genoese colonies)|Genoese colonies]]. The [[Genoese–Mongol Wars]] were fought between the 13th and 15th centuries for control of south Crimea.<ref>Slater, Eric. "Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261–1475." ''Review (Fernand Braudel Center)'' 29, no. 3 (2006): 271–83. {{JSTOR|40241665}}. pp. 271</ref>

===Crimean Khanate (1443–1783)===
{{Main|Crimean Khanate}}
[[File:Crimean Khanate Map 1502.svg|thumb|The Crimean Khanate after the destruction of the [[Great Horde]] in 1502]]
In the 1440s the [[Crimean Khanate]] formed out of the collapse of the horde<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]]|title=The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire|url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf|publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]|year=2013|page=27|access-date=30 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> but quite rapidly itself became  subject to the [[Ottoman Empire]], which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times were [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe|frequents raids into Eastern Europe for slaves]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mikhail Kizilov |author-link=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/2971600 |journal=[[Journal of Early Modern History]]|year=2007 |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |page=1 |doi=10.1163/157006507780385125 }}</ref>

===Russian Empire (1783–1917)===
{{see also|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|Novorossiya|Taurida Governorate}}
[[File:Siege of Sevastopol by George Baxter.jpg|thumb|The 11-month [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|siege of Sevastopol]] during the [[Crimean War]]]]

In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|defeated]] by [[Catherine the Great]] with the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] making the Tatars of the Crimea politically independent. Catherine the Great's [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|incorporation of the Crimea]] in 1783 into the Russian Empire increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area.<ref name="GP223">{{cite journal|jstor=4205010|title=The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783-4|author=M. S. Anderson|journal=The Slavonic and East European Review|date=December 1958|volume=37|issue=88|pages=17–41}} which would later see Russia's frontier expand westwards to the [[Dniester]].</ref>

From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the [[Crimean War]], where Russia lost to a French-led alliance.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crimean War (1853–1856)|journal=Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War|year=2008|volume=2|url=http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416183025/http://www.omnilogos.com/2015/01/crimean-war-1853-1856.html|archive-date=16 April 2015}}</ref>

=== Russian Civil War (1917–1921) ===
{{main|Crimea during the Russian Civil War}}
During the [[Russian Civil War]], Crimea [[Crimea during the Russian Civil War|changed hands many times]] and was where [[Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel|Wrangel]]'s anti-Bolshevik [[White movement|White Army]] made their last stand. Many anti-Communist fighters and civilians escaped to [[Istanbul]] but up to 150,000 were killed in Crimea.

===Soviet Union (1921–1991)===
{{see also|Crimea in the Soviet Union|Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union}}

[[File:Jalta-confer.jpg|thumb|The "[[Allies of World War II|Big Three]]" at the [[Yalta Conference]] in Crimea: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Joseph Stalin]]]]
In 1921 the [[Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was created as part of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]].<ref name="blacksea-crimea/hist">{{Cite web | url= http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/history1.html | title= History | access-date= 28 March 2007 | work= blacksea-crimea.com | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070404102214/http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/history1.html | archive-date= 4 April 2007 | url-status= usurped }}</ref> It was [[Taurida Subdistrict|occupied by Germany]] from 1942 to 1944 during the [[Crimean campaign|Second World War]]. After the Soviets regained control in 1944, they [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|deported the Crimean Tartars]] and several other nationalities to elsewhere in the USSR. The autonomous republic was dissolved in 1945, and Crimea became [[Crimean Oblast|an oblast]] of the Russian SFSR. [[Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union|It was transferred]] to the [[Ukrainian SSR]] in 1954, on the 300th anniversary of the [[Treaty of Pereyaslav]].

===Independent Ukraine (since 1991)===
{{main|History of Crimea (1991–2014)}}

With the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and Ukrainian independence in 1991 most of the peninsula was reorganized as the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]].<ref>''The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy'' By Mark Clarence Walke (page 107)</ref><ref name="szporluk">''National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia'' edited by Roman Szporluk (page 174)</ref><ref name="5 May 1992 in Crimea">{{cite book|author=Paul Kolstoe|author2=Andrei Edemsky|title=Russians in the Former Soviet Republics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1C2MHgujb4C&pg=PA194|date=January 1995|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-206-9|page=194|chapter=The Eye of the Whirlwind: Belarus and Ukraine}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Doyle |editor1-first=Don H. |title=Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America's Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements |date=2010 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=9780820337371 |page=285}}</ref>  A [[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|1997 treaty]] partitioned the [[Black Sea Fleet|Soviet Black Sea Fleet]], allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol, with the [[Kharkiv Pact|lease extended]] in 2010.

====Russian occupation (from 2014)====
{{main|Russian occupation of Crimea|Republic of Crimea (Russia)}}
{{further|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Crimea attacks (2022–present)}}
[[File:VOA-armed men 01-03-14.jpg|thumb|Unmarked Russian soldiers ("[[Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)|Little Green Men]]") outside the occupied [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|parliament of Crimea]]]]

In 2014, Crimea saw demonstrations against the removal of the Russia-leaning [[President of Ukraine|Ukrainian president]] [[Viktor Yanukovych]] [[Revolution of Dignity|in Kyiv]] and protests in support of [[Euromaidan]].<ref name="EN25214">{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/25/ukraine-leader-turchynov-warns-of-danger-of-separatism/|title=Ukraine leader Turchynov warns of 'danger of separatism'|publisher=[[Euronews]]|date=25 February 2014|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073813/http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/25/ukraine-leader-turchynov-warns-of-danger-of-separatism/}}</ref><ref name=guardian226>{{cite news|title=Russia puts military on high alert as Crimea protests leave one man dead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/26/ukraine-new-leader-disbands-riot-police-crimea-separatism|work=The Guardian|date=26 February 2014|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref> Ukrainian historian Volodymyr Holovko estimates 26 February protest in support of the integrity of Ukraine in Simferopol at 12,000 people, opposed by several thousand pro-Russian protesters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Головко |first=Володимир |date=2021 |title=ЗАХОПЛЕННЯ БУДІВЛІ ВЕРХОВНОЇ РАДИ АВТОНОМНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ КРИМ 2014 |url=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=zakhoplennja_budivli_verkhovnoji_rady_avtonomnoji_respubliky_krym_2014 |website=Енциклопедія історії України}}</ref> On 27 February, Russian forces occupied parliament and government buildings<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fedorchak |first=Viktoriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWjwEAAAQBAJ&dq=parliamentary+building+in+Simferopol+and+other+main+governmental&pg=PT58 |title=The Russia-Ukraine War: Towards Resilient Fighting Power |date=2024-03-19 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-00731-0 |pages=44–45 |language=en}}</ref> and other strategic points in Crimea<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/world/europe/crimea-ukraine.html?_r=0|title=Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea|author=Andrew Higgins|author2=Steven Erlanger|work=The New York Times|date=27 February 2014|access-date=25 June 2022}}</ref> and the Russian-organized [[Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|Republic of Crimea declared independence]] from Ukraine following an illegal and internationally unrecognized [[2014 Crimean status referendum|referendum]].<ref>Marxsen, Christian (2014). [http://www.mpil.de/files/pdf4/Marxsen_2014_-_The_crimea_crisis_-_an_international_law_perspective.pdf The Crimea Crisis – An International Law Perspective]. Max-Planck-Institut. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</ref> Russia then annexed Crimea, although most countries (100 votes in favour, 11 against, 58 abstentions) continued to recognize Crimea as part of Ukraine.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| title=General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling upon States Not to Recognize Changes in Status of Crimea Region | website=UN Press | date=27 March 2014 | url=https://press.un.org/en/2014/ga11493.doc.htm}}</ref><ref name="UNGA">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 March 2014 |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n13/455/17/pdf/n1345517.pdf?token=QCsLVasx7bgFzsMcTD&fe=true |access-date=2024-06-27 |publisher=[[United Nations Secretariat|United Nations Department of General Assembly and Conference Management]] |language=en }}</ref><ref name="INTLCOM">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=Ukraine's president pledges to 'return' Russia-annexed Crimea |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/ukraines-president-pledges-to-return-russia-annexed-crimea |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UKRMFA">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Temporary Occupation of Crimea and City of Sevastopol |url=https://mfa.gov.ua/en/temporary-occupation-autonous-republic-crimea-and-city-sevastopol |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] |language=en}}</ref>