Editing Crime of apartheid (section)

==ICSPCA definition of the crime of apartheid==
{{Main|International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid}}
Article II of the ICSPCA defines the crime of apartheid as:

{{Blockquote|text=
For the purpose of the present Convention, the term 'the crime of apartheid', which shall include similar policies and practices of [[racial segregation]] and discrimination as practiced in southern Africa, shall apply to the following inhumane acts committed for the purpose of establishing and maintaining domination by one racial group of persons over any other racial group of persons and systematically oppressing them:
{{ordered list|type=lower-alpha
| 1 = Denial to a member or members of a racial group or groups of the right to life and liberty of person
{{ordered list|type=lower-roman
  | 1 = By murder of members of a racial group or groups;
  | 2 = By the infliction upon the members of a racial group or groups of serious bodily or mental harm, by the infringement of their freedom or dignity, or by subjecting them to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
  | 3 = By arbitrary arrest and illegal imprisonment of the members of a racial group or groups;
  }}
| 2 = Deliberate imposition on a racial group or groups of living conditions calculated to cause its or their [[Genocide|physical destruction]] in whole or in part;
| 3 = Any legislative measures and other measures calculated to prevent a racial group or groups from participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country and the deliberate creation of conditions preventing the full development of such a group or groups, in particular by denying to members of a racial group or groups basic human rights and freedoms, including the right to work, the right to form recognised trade unions, the right to education, the right to leave and to return to their country, the right to a nationality, the right to freedom of movement and residence, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association;
| 4 = Any measures including legislative measures, designed to divide the population along racial lines by the creation of separate reserves and ghettos for the members of a racial group or groups, the prohibition of mixed marriages among members of various racial groups, the expropriation of landed property belonging to a racial group or groups or to members thereof;
| 5 = Exploitation of the labour of the members of a racial group or groups, in particular by submitting them to forced labour;
| 6 = Persecution of organizations and persons, by depriving them of fundamental rights and freedoms, because they oppose apartheid.
}}
|source=International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, Article II<ref name="ICSPCA"/><ref name="text_ICSPCA"/>
}}[[File:ICSPCA-members.PNG|thumb|upright=1.5|Signatories to the 1973 International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid: parties in dark green, signed but not ratified in light green, non-members in grey]]
===UN definition of racial discrimination===
{{Main|International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination}}
According to the [[United Nations]] [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (ICERD),
{{quote|the term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/docs/ICERD66.html UN International Convention on the Elimination of All of Racial Discrimination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423084838/http://www.hri.org/docs/ICERD66.html |date=2021-04-23 }}, New York 7 March 1966</ref>}}

This definition does not make any difference between discrimination based on [[ethnicity]] and [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], in part because the distinction between the two remains debatable among [[Anthropology|anthropologists]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=A. |last=Metraux |year=1950 |title=United nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on Problems of Race |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=142–145 |doi=10.1525/aa.1951.53.1.02a00370 }}</ref> Similarly, in British law the phrase ''racial group'' means "any group of people who are defined by reference to their race, colour, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origin".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecution/rrpbcrbook.html |title=Racist and Religious Crime – CPS Prosecution Policy |publisher=The CPS |access-date=23 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119032241/http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecution/rrpbcrbook.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>