Editing County Dublin (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Dublin}}
[[File:Tibradden Chambered Cairn.jpg|thumb|left|Prehistoric [[passage tomb]] at Tibradden]]
The earliest recorded inhabitants of present-day Dublin settled along the mouth of the [[River Liffey]]. The remains of five wooden fish traps were discovered near [[Spencer Dock]] in 2007. These traps were designed to catch incoming fish at high tide and could be retrieved at low tide. Thin-bladed stone axes were used to craft the traps and [[radiocarbon dating]] places them in the Late [[Mesolithic]] period ({{circa|6,100}}–5,700 BCE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Dublin, The Prehistoric City |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=Irish archaeology |url=http://irisharchaeology.ie/2011/05/dublin-the-prehistoric-city/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194412/http://irisharchaeology.ie/2011/05/dublin-the-prehistoric-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Vikings]] invaded the region in the mid-9th century AD and founded what would become the city of Dublin. Over time they mixed with the natives of the area, becoming [[Norse–Gaels]]. The Vikings raided across Ireland, Britain, France and Spain during this period and under their rule Dublin developed into the largest slave market in [[Western Europe]].<ref>''The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery'', Volume 1; Volume 7 By Junius P. Rodriguez ABC-CLIO, 1997</ref> While the Vikings were formidable at sea, the superiority of Irish land forces soon became apparent, and the kingdom's Norse rulers were first exiled from the region as early as 902. Dublin was captured by the [[High King of Ireland]], [[Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill|Máel Sechnaill II]], in 980, who freed the kingdom's Gaelic slaves.<ref>Downham, ''Viking Kings'', pp. 51–52 & 190; Hudson, "Óláf Sihtricson"; Hudson, "Máel Sechnaill"; Hudson, ''Viking Pirates'', page numbers needed.</ref> Dublin was again defeated by Máel Sechnaill in 988 and forced to accept [[Brehon law]] and pay taxes to the High King.<ref>{{cite web |title=On this day – 988 |work=History of Ireland |date=10 July 2017 |publisher=Stair na hEireann |url=https://stairnaheireann.net/2017/07/10/otd-in-988-the-norse-king-gluniairn-recognises-mael-sechnaill-mac-domnaill-high-king-of-ireland-and-agrees-to-pay-taxes-and-accept-brehon-law-the-event-is-considered-to-be-the-founding-o/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194411/https://stairnaheireann.net/2017/07/10/otd-in-988-the-norse-king-gluniairn-recognises-mael-sechnaill-mac-domnaill-high-king-of-ireland-and-agrees-to-pay-taxes-and-accept-brehon-law-the-event-is-considered-to-be-the-founding-o/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Successive defeats at the hands of [[Brian Boru]] in 999 and, most famously, at the [[Battle of Clontarf]] in 1014, relegated Dublin to the status of lesser kingdom.
[[File:Viking Ireland.png|thumb|left|Norse-Gael [[Kingdom of Dublin]] in the 10th Century]]
In 1170, the ousted [[King of Leinster]], [[Diarmait Mac Murchada]], and his Norman allies agreed to capture Dublin at a war council in [[Waterford]]. They evaded the intercepting army of High King [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]] by marching through the [[Wicklow Mountains]], arriving outside the walls of Dublin in late September.<ref>Martin (2008), p. 76.</ref> The King of Dublin, [[Ascall mac Ragnaill]], met with Mac Murchada for negotiations; however, while talks were ongoing, the Normans, led by [[Miles de Cogan|de Cogan]] and [[Raymond FitzGerald|FitzGerald]], stormed Dublin and overwhelmed its defenders, forcing mac Ragnaill to flee to the [[Northern Isles]].<ref>[[#D5|Downham (2013)]] p. 157 n. 1.</ref> Separate attempts to retake Dublin were launched by both Ua Conchobair and mac Ragnaill in 1171, both of which were unsuccessful.

The authority over Ireland established by the Anglo-Norman [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]] was gradually lost during the [[Gaelic Resurgence|Gaelic resurgence]] from the 13th century onwards. English power diminished so significantly that by the early 16th century English laws and customs were restricted to a small area around Dublin known as "[[The Pale]]". The [[Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare|Earl of Kildare]]'s failed rebellion in 1535 reignited [[House of Tudor|Tudor]] interest in Ireland, and [[Henry VIII]] proclaimed the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] in 1542, with Dublin as its capital. Over the next 60 years the [[Tudor conquest of Ireland|Tudor conquest]] spread to every corner of the island, which was fully subdued by [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|1603]].
[[File:Portrait of Henry Grattan -Martin Archer Shee .PNG|thumb|200px|[[Henry Grattan]]]]
Despite harsh [[Penal Laws against Irish Catholics|penal laws]] and unfavourable trade restrictions imposed upon Ireland, Dublin flourished in the 18th century. The [[Georgian Dublin|Georgian buildings]] which still define much of Dublin's architectural landscape to this day were mostly built over a 50-year period spanning from about 1750 to 1800. Bodies such as the [[Wide Streets Commission]] completely reshaped the city, demolishing most of medieval Dublin in the process.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dublin Through Space & Time |editor1-first=Joseph |editor1-last=Brady |editor2-first=Anngret |editor2-last=Simms |first=Edel |last=Sheridan |chapter=Designing the Capital City |isbn=978-1-85182-641-4 |publisher=Four Courts Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/dublinthroughspa0000unse/page/112 112] |year=2001 |url=https://archive.org/details/dublinthroughspa0000unse/page/112}}</ref> During the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], the penal laws were gradually repealed and members of the [[Protestant Ascendancy]] began to regard themselves as citizens of a distinct Irish nation.<ref>Crosbie, Barry ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpvRF0W5KIMC&dq=1770s+of+Henry+Grattan%27s+Patriot+Party.&pg=PA78 Irish Imperial Networks Migration, Social Communication and Exchange in Nineteenth-Century India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194410/https://books.google.com/books?id=DpvRF0W5KIMC&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=1770s+of+Henry+Grattan's+Patriot+Party.&source=bl&ots=US5gZDZjdQ&sig=BljPPtWhdJfPkUOkLsJRPU_N7dU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=miZgVJvHPM-tyATTjYCYCQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=1770s%20of%20Henry%20Grattan's%20Patriot%20Party.&f=false |date=3 August 2021 }}.'' Cambridge University Press (2012) {{ISBN|0-521-11937-5}}.</ref> The [[Irish Patriot Party]], led by [[Henry Grattan]], agitated for greater autonomy from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], which was achieved under the [[Constitution of 1782]]. These freedoms proved short-lived, as the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] was abolished under the [[Acts of Union 1800]] and Ireland was incorporated into the [[United Kingdom]]. Dublin lost its political status as a capital and went into a marked decline throughout the 19th century, leading to widespread demands to [[Repeal Association|repeal the union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Loyal National Repeal Association |work=A.M. Sullivan |publisher=Library Ireland |url=https://www.libraryireland.com/Atlas/LXXXIV-Loyal-National-Repeal-Association.php |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727065328/https://libraryireland.com/Atlas/LXXXIV-Loyal-National-Repeal-Association.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although at one time the [[Second city of the United Kingdom|second city of the British Empire]],<ref>Sidney Edwards Morse and Jedidiah Morse, ''A New System of Geography, Ancient and Modern'', p.177, 1824</ref> by the late 1800s Dublin was one of the poorest cities in Europe. The city had the worst housing conditions of anywhere in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], and overcrowding, disease and malnourishment were rife within central Dublin. In 1901, ''[[The Irish Times]]'' reported that the disease and mortality rates in [[Calcutta]] during the 1897 [[Third plague pandemic#Global distribution|bubonic plague outbreak]] compared "favourably with those of Dublin at the present moment".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://doras.dcu.ie/21554/1/95_SCAN.pdf|title=Suburban and urban housing in the twentieth century|website=Dublin City University|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012409/http://doras.dcu.ie/21554/1/95_SCAN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the upper and middle class residents of Dublin had moved to wealthier suburbs, and the grand Georgian homes of the 1700s were converted en masse into tenement [[slum]]s. In 1911, over 20,000 families in Dublin were living in one-room tenements which they rented from wealthy landlords.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/back-to-the-slums-of-old-dublin-and-not-a-whiff-of-celtic-mist-1.591416 |title=Back to the slums of old Dublin – and not a whiff of Celtic mist |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404224547/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/back-to-the-slums-of-old-dublin-and-not-a-whiff-of-celtic-mist-1.591416 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Henrietta Street, Dublin|Henrietta Street]] was particularly infamous for the density of its tenements, with 845 people living on the street in 1911, including 19 families – totalling 109 people – living in just one house.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dublin – Poverty and Health |work=Ireland in the early 20th century |publisher=National Archives |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/exhibition/dublin/poverty_health.html |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=11 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311185519/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/exhibition/dublin/poverty_health.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Ruins of Balbriggan Sept 1920.jpg|thumb|Burnt out buildings following the [[Sack of Balbriggan]], September 1920]]
After decades of political unrest, Ireland appeared to be on the brink of civil war as a result of the [[Home Rule Crisis]]. Despite being the centre of [[Unionism in Ireland|Irish unionism]] outside of [[Ulster]], Dublin was overwhelmingly in favour of Home Rule. Unionist parties had performed poorly in the county since the 1870s, leading contemporary historian [[W. E. H. Lecky]] to conclude that "Ulster unionism is the only form of Irish unionism that is likely to count as a serious political force".<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Failure of Unionism in Dublin, 1900 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |jstor=30008694 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30008694 |access-date=3 August 2021 |last1=Jackson |first1=Alvin |year=1989 |volume=26 |issue=104 |pages=377–395 |doi=10.1017/S0021121400010129 |s2cid=153472872 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803153556/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30008694 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Unlike their counterparts in the north, "southern unionists" were a clear minority in the rest of Ireland, and as such were much more willing to co-operate with the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] (IPP) to avoid [[Partition of Ireland|partition]]. Following the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]], Belfast unionist [[Dawson Bates]] decried the "effusive professions of loyalty and confidence in the Provisional Government" that was displayed by former unionists in the new [[Irish Free State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The dog that didn't bark: Southern unionism in pre- and post-revolutionary Ireland |work=20th-century / Contemporary History, Features, Issue 4 (July/August 2015), Volume 23 |date=2 July 2015 |publisher=History Ireland |url=https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-dog-that-didnt-bark-southern-unionism-in-pre-and-post-revolutionary-ireland/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803153559/https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-dog-that-didnt-bark-southern-unionism-in-pre-and-post-revolutionary-ireland/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The question of Home Rule was put on hold due to the outbreak of the [[First World War]] but was never to be revisited as a series of missteps by the British government, such as executing the leaders of the [[1916 Easter Rising]] and the [[Conscription Crisis of 1918]], fuelled the [[Irish revolutionary period]]. The IPP were nearly wiped out by [[Sinn Féin]] in the [[1918 Irish general election|1918 general election]] and, following a brief [[Irish War of Independence|war of independence]], 26 of Ireland's 32 counties seceded from the United Kingdom in December 1922, with Dublin becoming the capital of the [[Irish Free State]], and later the Republic of Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/h1918.htm |title=The Irish Election of 1918 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824020254/http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/h1918.htm |archive-date=24 August 2006 |website=[[Northern Ireland Social and Political Archive|ARK]] |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref>

From the 1960s onwards, Dublin city greatly expanded due to urban renewal works and the construction of large suburbs such as [[Tallaght]], [[Coolock]] and [[Ballymun]], which resettled both the rural and urban poor of County Dublin in newer state-built accommodation.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Irishman's Diary on Tallaght's journey from village to city |work=Hugh Oram |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-on-tallaght-s-journey-from-village-to-city-1.2309189 |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227033631/http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-on-tallaght-s-journey-from-village-to-city-1.2309189 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dublin was the driving force behind Ireland's [[Celtic Tiger]] period, an era of rapid economic growth that started in the early 1990s. In stark contrast to the turn of the 20th century, Dublin entered the 21st century as one of Europe's richest cities, attracting immigrants and investment from all over the world.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ireland's "Celtic Tiger" Economy |journal=Science, Technology, & Human Values |publisher=Sage Publications |jstor=1558024 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1558024 |access-date=3 August 2021 |last1=Battel |first1=Róisín Ní Mháille |year=2003 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=93–111 |doi=10.1177/0162243902238497 |s2cid=154660919 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803153557/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1558024 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>