Editing Corpus Juris Civilis (section)

==The four parts==

===Codex===
{{Main|Code of Justinian}} 
The "Codex Justinianus", "Codex Justinianeus" or "Codex Justiniani" (Latin for "Justinian's Code") was the first part to be finished, on 7 April 529. It contained in [[Latin]] most of the existing imperial ''constitutiones'' (imperial pronouncements having force of law), back to the time of [[Hadrian]]. It used both the ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]'' and the fourth-century collections embodied in the ''[[Codex Gregorianus]]'' and ''[[Codex Hermogenianus]]'', which provided the model for division into books that were themselves divided into titles. These works had developed authoritative standing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Roman Law — Codex Gregorianus and Hermogenianus (Smith's Dictionary, 1875) |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Codex_G_et_H.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> This first edition is now lost; a second edition was issued in 534 and is the text that has survived. At least the second edition contained some of Justinian's own legislation, including some legislation in Greek. It is not known whether he intended there to be further editions, although he did envisage translation of Latin enactments into Greek.

====Legislation about religion====
Numerous provisions served to secure the status of Christianity as the [[state religion]] of the empire, uniting Church and state, and making anyone who was not connected to the Christian church a non-citizen. The Christianity referred to is [[Chalcedonian Christianity]] as defined by the state church, which excluded a variety of other major Christian sects in existence at the time such as the [[Church of the East]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]].

=====Laws against heresy=====
The very first law in the Codex requires all persons under the jurisdiction of the Empire to hold the Christian faith. This was primarily aimed at heresies such as [[Nestorianism]]. This text later became the springboard for discussions of international law, especially the question of just what persons are under the jurisdiction of a given state or legal system.

=====Laws against paganism=====
Other laws, while not aimed at pagan belief as such, forbid particular pagan practices. For example, it is provided that all persons present at a pagan sacrifice may be indicted as if for murder.

===Digesta===
{{Main|Digest (Roman law)}}
The ''Digesta'' or ''Pandectae'', completed in 533, is a collection of juristic writings, mostly dating back to the second and third centuries. Fragments were taken out of various legal treatises and opinions and inserted in the Digest. In their original context, the statements of the law contained in these fragments were just private opinions of legal scholars – although some juristic writings had been privileged by Theodosius II's [[Law of Citations]] in 426. The Digest, however, was given full force of law.

===Institutions===
{{Main|Institutes of Justinian}}
As the ''Digest'' neared completion, [[Tribonian]] and two professors, Theophilus and [[Dorotheus (jurist)|Dorotheus]], made a student textbook, called the ''Institutions'' or ''Elements''. As there were four elements, the manual consists of four books. The ''Institutiones'' are largely based on the ''[[Institutes of Gaius|Institutiones]]'' of [[Gaius (jurist)|Gaius]]. Two-thirds of the ''Institutiones'' of Justinian consists of literal quotes from Gaius. The new ''Institutiones'' were used as a manual for jurists in training from 21 November 533 and were given the authority of law on 30 December 533 along with the ''Digest''.

===Novellae===
{{Main|Novellae Constitutiones}}

The Novellae consisted of new laws that were passed after 534. They were later re-worked into the ''Syntagma'', a practical lawyer's edition, by [[Athanasios of Emesa]] during the years 572&ndash;577.