Editing Corpus Christi, Texas (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Corpus Christi, Texas}}
{{For timeline}}
[[File:Old map-Corpus Christi-1887.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Corpus Christi in 1887]]

Spaniard Alonso Alvarez de Pineda traveled in 1519 to this bay on the day of the religious Feast of Corpus Christi, so named the semitropical bay Corpus Christi.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 9, 2017|title=The Spanish - Padre Island National Seashore|url=https://www.nps.gov/pais/learn/historyculture/spanish.htm|url-status=live|access-date=March 4, 2021|website=National Park Service|archive-date=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403021618/https://www.nps.gov/pais/learn/historyculture/spanish.htm}}</ref>

[[Cabeza de Vaca]] may have passed through Corpus Christi in the 1500s, but the first European to study the Nueces River and Corpus Christi Bay was Joaquín de Orobio y Basterr in 1747. A few years later, [[José de Escandón]] organized a colony of about 50 families to settle the head of the bay, though this was short-lived.<ref name=tsha>{{cite web|series=Handbook of Texas Online|author=Long, Christopher Long|title=Corpus Christi, TX|access-date=May 26, 2018|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdc03|date=June 12, 2010|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|archive-date=July 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113607/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdc03|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1839, the first known permanent settlement of Corpus Christi was established by [[Colonel Henry Lawrence Kinney]] and William P. Aubrey as Kinney's Trading Post, or Kinney's Ranch. It was a small trading post that sold supplies to a Mexican revolutionary army camped about {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on}} west.<ref name="downtowncorpuschristi.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.downtowncorpuschristi.com/wiki/DMD/History |title=Corpus Christi, History, Historical, Interesting |publisher=Downtowncorpuschristi.com |access-date=2010-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318151134/http://downtowncorpuschristi.com/wiki/DMD/History |archive-date=March 18, 2009 }}</ref>
In July 1845, U.S. troops commanded by General [[Zachary Taylor]] set up camp there in preparation for [[Mexican–American War|war with Mexico]], where they remained until March 1846. About a year later, the settlement was named Corpus Christi and was incorporated on September 9, 1852.<ref name="cctexas.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cctexas.com/?fuseaction=main.view&page=109 |title=Official web site for City of Corpus Christi, Texas |publisher=Cctexas.com |access-date=2010-05-22 |archive-date=2016-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128153426/http://www.cctexas.com/?fuseaction=main.view&page=109 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Battle of Corpus Christi]] was fought between August 12 and August 18, 1862, during the [[American Civil War]]. [[United States Navy]] forces blockading Texas fought a small land and sea engagement with [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces in and around Corpus Christi Bay and bombarded the city. [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] forces defeated [[Confederate States Navy]] ships operating in the area, but were repulsed when they landed on the coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qec03|title=TSHA &#124; Corpus Christi, Battle of|access-date=2017-06-25|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022031739/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qec03|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 1873, seven Mexican shepherds were lynched by a mob near the city. The crime was never solved.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carrigan|first1=William D|last2=Webb|first2=Clive|title=When Americans Lynched Mexicans|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Hamlet Del Mar.jpg|thumb|Damaged restaurant after Hurricane Allen]]
The Port of Corpus Christi was opened in 1926, and the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station was commissioned in 1941.<ref name="downtowncorpuschristi.com"/>

In February 1929, the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]] (LULAC) was founded in Corpus Christi. This organization was created to battle racial discrimination against Hispanic people in the United States. Since its founding, LULAC has grown and now has a national headquarters in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Orozco |first1=Cynthia |title=League of United Latin American Citizens |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/league-of-united-latin-american-citizens |website=Texas State Historical Association |access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref>

In March 1949, the [[American GI Forum]] (AGIF) was founded in Corpus Christi. Currently, AGIF focuses on veteran's issues, education, and civil-rights issues. This organization was founded after concerns over the segregation of Mexican-American veterans from other veterans groups and the denial of medical services based on race by the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]].

The [[1919 Florida Keys hurricane|1919 Storm]] devastated the city, killing hundreds on September 14. Only three structures survived the storm on North Beach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caller.com/columnists/murphy-givens/murphy-givens-storm-of-the-century-swept-across-north-beach-ep-358324482.html|title=MURPHY GIVENS: Storm of the century swept across North Beach|access-date=2016-04-18|archive-date=2015-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906042325/http://www.caller.com/columnists/murphy-givens/murphy-givens-storm-of-the-century-swept-across-north-beach-ep-358324482.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To protect the city, the seawall was built. The city also suffered damage from [[Hurricane Celia]] in 1970 and [[Hurricane Allen]] in 1980, but little damage from [[Hurricane Ike]] in 2008. In 2017, the city was affected by [[Hurricane Harvey]], then by [[Hurricane Hanna (2020)|Hurricane Hanna]] in 2020. Rough surf from [[Hurricane Laura]] caused one death and one injury at a beach in the city in late August 2020, just a month after Hanna.<ref>{{cite web|last=Willetts|first=Mitchell|date=August 26, 2020|title=Surfer dies riding rough Gulf Coast waves as Hurricane Laura churns toward Texas|url=https://www.star-telegram.com/news/nation-world/national/article245282375.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 4, 2021|website=Star Telegram|archive-date=May 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504223640/https://www.star-telegram.com/news/nation-world/national/article245282375.html}}</ref>

''Cisneros v. [[Corpus Christi Independent School District]]'' (1970) was the first case to extend the U.S. Supreme Court's ''Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas'' decision (1954) to Mexican Americans. It recognized them as a minority group that could be and was frequently discriminated against. Such segregation and discrimination were ruled unconstitutional. Judge Woodrow Seals found that the school board consciously fostered a system that perpetuated traditional segregation. This included a system that bused Anglo students to schools out of their neighborhoods, renovated old schools in black and Mexican-American neighborhoods rather than building new ones, assigned black and Hispanic teachers to segregated schools, and limited hiring of such teachers at other schools; the school board also lacked a majority-to-minority busing system.<ref>{{cite news|title=CISNEROS V. CORPUS CHRISTI ISD|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jrc02|access-date=15 August 2015|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|date=12 June 2010|archive-date=8 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908043512/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jrc02|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, Corpus Christi was ranked as the second-least literate city in the U.S. in a study by Central Connecticut State University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.caller.com/news/corpus-christi-ranks-next-last-among-us-most-liter |title=Corpus Christi ranks next to last among U.S. Most Literate big cities - Caller-Times |access-date=2016-04-18 |archive-date=2015-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713164915/http://www.caller.com/news/corpus-christi-ranks-next-last-among-us-most-liter |url-status=dead }}</ref>