Editing Cornett (section)

==Cornett family==

Cornetts were built in two styles, curved and straight.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}

Most cornetts are shaped with gradual curve, greater than 90°, a single curve like a comma, or an S-curve. The instrument has a conical bore, and the outside shaped to have an octagonal cross-section. Curved cornets were traditionally black, the wood covered in thin black leather.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=137|loc="Curved cornett"}}
The cornett was, like many Renaissance and Baroque instruments, made in a family of sizes. Four extant sizes are the soprano (''[[cornettino]]''), the treble or curved cornett, the alto, the [[tenor cornett|tenor]] or ''lizard'' and the rare bass cornett, which was supplanted by the [[Serpent (instrument)|serpent]] in the 17th century.

{{Image frame
  | innerstyle = background:white;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0 | width = 200
  | content = <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef treble \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      e'4 \finger \markup \text " sopr. "
      a4 \finger \markup \text " treble "
      g4 \finger \markup \text " alto "
      \clef bass
      d4 \finger \markup \text " tenor "
      g,4 \finger \markup \text " bass "
    }
  </score>
  | caption = The lowest note of each type of cornett<ref name=EB1911/>
}}

===Descant===

{{Main | cornettino}}

The ''[[cornettino]]'' is the descant, or sometimes "soprano" member of the cornett family.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} In ''Syntagma Musicum'', it was presented as being about {{convert|45|cm}} long and had a range from E{{sub|4}} to E{{sub|6}} in the 16th and 17th centuries.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=xi, 129|loc="Cornettino"}} In the 18th century that changed to D{{sub|4}} to D{{sub|6}}.<ref name=Galpin/>

===Treble===

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica defined this instrument using its French name {{lang|fr|dessus}} ({{Lit.|top}}), and gave its fingered range as A{{sub|3}} to A{{sub|5}}, the lowest being one note higher than that of the alto.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name=EB1911/> To play notes below A{{sub|3}}, players can slacken their embouchure.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}
Sibyl Marcuse did not name the normal cornett, but gave the treble's range.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} David Jarratt-Knock counted surviving instruments in museums to arrive at the treble cornett being the most commonly found cornett.{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=33}}

===Alto===

From the 1619 the scaled drawings in ''Syntagma Musicum'', the instrument was about {{convert|2|ft}} long.
It was built to start playing a tone lower than the treble and has a fingered range from G{{sub|3}} to G{{sub|5}}.<ref name=Groveonlinecornett/><ref name=EB1911/> With good technique the lowest note is F{{sub|3}}.
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called this the {{lang|fr|haute-contre}} or alto cornet.<ref name=EB1911/> Baines said that the use of this variant for an alto part was "widely speculated."<ref name=Groveonlinecornett/>

===Tenor===

{{Main | tenor cornett}}

The tenor cornet (Italian: ''cornone'', French: ''basse de cornetà bouquin'', German: ''Basszink'') was the tenor instrument in the cornett family.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} About {{convert|3.5|feet}} long from the ''Syntagma Musicum'' drawing, it was "proportionally wider" (bottom compared to top) than the treble and alto were, and that changed the tenor's sound quality to be more bugle-like.<ref name=BainesWWI/>

Although the French and German names imply it was bass instrument, it is placed as a tenor instrument by organologists Sibyl Marcuse and Anthony Baines, who both point out that two examples of a "real bass" instrument exist.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Anthony |last=Baines |title=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments]] |editor-first=Stanley |editor-last=Sadie |editor-link=Stanley Sadie |entry=Cornett |pages=497–503 |publisher=[[MacMillan Publishers|MacMillan Press]] |place=New York |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-333-37878-6 }}<br/>Note: page 503 shows a photo of the bottom cornett, and says it is a tenor cornett.</ref>

The cornone was pitched about a fifth below the alto cornett, with a playing range of C{{sub|3}} to D{{sub|5}}.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=130|loc=Cornone}}
Even though tenor and bass instruments were created for the family, these came later in the instrument's development, perhaps as long as 50 years after the instrument became mainstream.<ref name=BainesWWI/> The instrument was paired with other instruments to play the lower ranges, especially trombones.<ref name=BainesWWI/>

===Bass===

There are very few surviving examples of instruments larger than the tenor cornett. One is called ''hautecontre de cornet à bouquin''.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} The other should be called ''contrebass de cornet à bouquin'' according to Marcuse and Baines, and there are only two examples of it, one in the Paris Conservatoire museum and the other in Hamburg.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/><ref name="PC-c-bouquin">{{Cite web |title=Cornet à bouquin basse |orig-date=Built {{circa|16th century}} |publication-date=1873 <!-- accession date --> |work=Musée de la Musique |publisher=Philharmonie de Paris |language=fr |id=Accession number: E.577 |url= https://collectionsdumusee.philharmoniedeparis.fr/collectionsdumusee/doc/MUSEE/0161824/cornet-a-bouquin-basse |access-date=7 October 2024 }}</ref>
These were tuned "a pitch or so below the type instrument"{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} or an octave below the cornettino.<ref>{{cite magazine |title= The cornetto, "a nerd thing"? |magazine= Muse Baroque |editor1=Viet-Linh NGUYEN |editor2= Pierre-Damien Houville|date= 13 March 2010|url= http://musebaroque.fr/cornet-a-bouquin/}}</ref> The Paris instrument is described as having "an octagonal exterior and 4 extension keys."{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref>{{cite web |website= Philharmonie de Paris Collections du Musée |title= CORNET À BOUQUIN BASSE |url= https://collectionsdumusee.philharmoniedeparis.fr/doc/MUSEE/0161824 |quote= Wood covered in leather. 4 iron and copper keys. Mouthpiece in ivory... Total length 983mm}}</ref> The Hamburg example has 2 extension keys.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}

<gallery>
File:Ivory Cornetto in A, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|Ivory cornetto in A, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:Ivory Cornetto in A, mouthpiece.jpg|Highly decorated cornett and mouthpiece, cornetto in A, mouthpiece at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
File:GER — BY — Oberbayern — München — Isarvortstadt — Museumsinsel 1 — 1. OG (Dt. Mus. · Abt. Musikinstrumente · Krummer Zink) Mattes 2022-11-27.jpg|Curved cornet. Lines of the octagonal body are visible.
File:Contrebass de cornet à bouquin.jpg|''Contrebass de cornet à bouquin'', Paris Conservatoire Museum.
File:Cornets à bouquin2.jpg|Curved cornetts from the Cité de la Musique, Philharmonie de Paris. Black cornets (wood covered with leather or black parchment) and ivory cornets.
File:Cornets à bouquin3.jpg|Possible tenor cornetts, which were sometimes called lizards. From the Cité de la Musique, Philharmonie de Paris.
</gallery>

===Straight cornett===

{{Multiple images
|image1= Corneta recta.jpg
|width1= 200
|caption1= Straight cornett, 20th century

|image2= Corneta muda.jpg
|width2= 200
|caption2= Mute cornett
|footer= 20th century 7-hole cornetts (plus thumbhole)
}}

The common treble cornett was also made as a '''straight cornett''' (German: ''gerader Zink'', ''gelber Zink'', Italian: ''cornetto diritto'' or ''cornetto bianco'')<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/> and usually light-colored, as the yellow boxwood was not covered in leather.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}}<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/>
It has conical bore and body that does not curve.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=494–495|loc="Straight cornett"}} The specific instrument differs from the mute cornett by having a removable mouthpiece.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=128–129|loc="Cornett"}} Surviving instruments in museums are mainly treble with a range of A{{sub|3}} to A{{sub|5}}.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=494–495|loc="Straight cornett"}}<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/>{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=33}} A few survive as tenor instruments, range C{{sub|3}} to D{{sub|5}}.{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=33}}

===Mute cornett===

{{Main | mute cornett}}

A '''mute cornett''' (French: ''cornet muet'', German: ''stiller Zink'', Italian: ''cornetto muto'') is a straight cornett with a narrower bore and integrated mouthpiece carved into the end of the instrument's body.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=354|loc="Mute cornett"}} The instrument tapers in thickness, until at the top it is about {{convert|1.3|cm}} wide.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=354|loc="Mute cornett"}} The instruments were mainly treble cornetts,{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=33}} tuned to the same range as the curved treble cornett, G{{sub|3}} to A{{sub|5}}.<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/> The others found in museums are soprano cornetts, also tuned like curved instruments to E{{sub|4}} to E{{sub|6}}.<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/>{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=33}}

This instrument's name tells something of its tonal nature. Its "gentle, soft and sweet" sound is different than the other cornetts because of its mouthpiece, and can be used in a consort of viols or recorders.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=354|loc="Mute cornett"}}<ref name="Cornett-GroveDMI-1984"/>
The mouthpiece is similar to that in a French horn; instead of being a cup like the other cornetts, it is a cone, about {{convert|9|mm}} deep.{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=354|loc="Mute cornett"}} Inside it transitions from cone to instrumental [[bore (wind instruments)|bore]] smoothly, without "sharpness."{{sfn|Marcuse|1975|page=354|loc="Mute cornett"}}
On the outside, there isn't an obvious lip carved.

Praetorius drew a tenor mute cornett, with a seventh hole covered and labeled that a lower note could be reached by covering the base. In that range, the six holes with thumb hole could have delivered A{{sub|3}} to F{{sub|5}}. The extra plate would make it G{{sub|3}} to F{{sub|5}}, with the base covered F{{sub|3}} to F{{sub|5}}.

<gallery>
File:Gerard van Honthorst - Zingende fluitspeler (ca. 1623).jpg|1623 identified as a cornett.{{sfn|Jarratt-Knock|2014|p=33}} Since the mouthpiece is carved into the body, this would be a mute cornet. However, this example has a lip at the mouthpiece. 
</gallery>