Editing Constantine III of Scotland (section)

== Reign ==
According to [[John of Fordun]] (14th century), [[Kenneth II of Scotland]] (reigned 971–995) attempted to change the succession rules, allowing "''the nearest survivor in blood to the deceased king to succeed''", thus securing the throne for his own descendants. He reportedly did so to specifically exclude Constantine (III) and Kenneth (III), called Gryme in this source. The two men then jointly conspired against him, convincing [[Lady Finella]], daughter of [[Cuncar of Angus|Cuncar]], [[Mormaer of Angus]], to kill the king. She reportedly did so to achieve personal revenge, as Kenneth II had killed her own son. Entries in ''the Chronicles of the Picts and Scots'', collected by [[William Forbes Skene]], provide the account of Finnguala killing Kenneth II in revenge, but not her affiliation to Constantine or his cousins. These entries date to the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>The name of Cuncar's daughter is given as Fenella, Finele or Sibill in later sources. John of Fordun credits Constantine III (Causantín mac Cuilén) and Kenneth III (Cináed mac Duib) with the planning, claiming that Kenneth II planned to change the laws of succession. See ''ESSH'', pp. 512–515.</ref> The [[Annals of Ulster]] simply record "''Cinaed son of Mael Coluim [Kenneth, son of Malcolm], king of Scotland, was deceitfully killed''", with no indication of who killed him.<ref name="Annals of Ulster">[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/ Annals of Ulster, online translation. Entry U995.1]</ref>

In the account of John of Fordun, [[Constantine the Bald]], son of king Cullen and Gryme were "''plotting unceasingly the death of the king and his son''". One day, Kenneth II and his companions went hunting into the woods, "''at no great distance from his own abode''". The hunt took him to [[Fettercairn]], where Finella resided. She approached him to proclaim her loyalty and invited him to visit her residence, whispering into his ear that she had information about a conspiracy plot. She managed to lure him to "''an out-of-the-way little cottage''", where a [[booby trap]] was hidden. Inside the cottage was a statue, connected by strings to a number of [[crossbow]]s. If anyone touched or moved the statue, he would trigger the crossbows and fall victim to their arrows. Kenneth II gently touched the statue and "''was shot through by arrows sped from all sides, and fell without uttering another word.''" Finella escaped through the woods and managed to join her [[abettor]]s, Constantine III and Gryme. The hunting companions soon discovered the bloody king. They were unable to locate Finella but burned Fettercairn to the ground.<ref name="Skene">[https://archive.org/details/johnoffordunschr00fordrich Skene, John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish nation, Book IV, Chapters XXXII-XXXIV (32–34), pages 165–169]</ref> Smyth dismisses the elaborate plotting and the mechanical contraption as mere fables, but accepts the basic details of the story, that the succession plans of Kenneth II caused his assassination.<ref name="Smyth2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=mxxwmg48bFgC&pg=PA226 Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000, p. 224–225]</ref> [[Alan Orr Anderson]] raised his own doubts concerning the story of Finella, which he considered "''semi-mythical''". He noted that the feminine name Finnguala or Findguala means "white shoulders", but suggested it derived from "find-ela" (white swan). The name figures in toponyms such as Finella Hill (near [[Fordoun]]) and Finella Den (near [[St Cyrus]]), while local tradition in [[The Mearns]] ([[Kincardineshire]]) has Finella walking atop the treetops from one location to the other. Anderson thus theorized that Finella could be a mythical figure, suggesting she was a local [[Water deity|stream-goddess]].<ref name="Anderson">[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313 Anderson, Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500–1286, p. 515]</ref> A later passage of John of Fordun mentions Finele as mother of [[Macbeth, King of Scotland]] (reigned 1040–1057), but this is probably an error based on the similarity of names. Macbeth was son of [[Findláech of Moray]], not of a woman called Finella.<ref name="Anderson"/><ref name="Skene4">[https://archive.org/details/johnoffordunschr00fordrich Skene, John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish nation, Book IV, Chapters XLIV (44), page 180]</ref>

The narrative of John of Fordun continues on to the reign of Constantine III. The day following the death of Kenneth II, Constantine the Bald, son of King Cullen usurped the throne. He had reportedly won the support of a number of nobles. The throne was also claimed by his cousin [[Malcolm II]], son of Kenneth II, resulting in long-lasting division of the Scottish population, and conflict. Constantine III reigned for a year and a half [18 months], "''continually harassed by Malcolm and his illegitimate uncle, named Kenneth, a soldier of known prowess, who was his unwearied persecutor, and strove with his whole might to kill him, above all others."''<ref name="Skene"/> The Chronicle of the Kings of Scotts (''Cronica Regum Scottorum'', 12th century) shortens the reign to one year and four months (16 months).<ref name="Skene2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVkJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 Skene, Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, p. 131]</ref> This source was a king-list compiled during the reign of [[William the Lion]] (reign 1165–1214), the last king mentioned in it. It has survived as the fifth text of the [[Poppleton manuscript]].<ref name="Woolf">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C&pg=PA89 Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, pp. 88–89]</ref> The existence of Kenneth, illegitimate uncle to Malcolm II, is not recorded in older sources.{{CN|date=June 2023}} John of Fordun had apparently listed this Kenneth as an illegitimate son of [[Malcolm I of Scotland]]. Skene noted that this could be an error, and suggested that Kenneth, son of Malcolm was actually [[Kenneth III]] (Kenneth, son of Dubh).<ref name="Skene3">[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVkJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR145 Skene, Chronicles of the Picts and Scots, Preface, pp. CXLIV-CXLV (144–145)]</ref> Kenneth III was a grandson of Malcolm I, rather than a son. Robert Shaw also doubted Kenneth II having a brother, illegitimate or not, who was also named Kenneth, pointing out that Malcolm I would have no reason to give the same name to two of his sons.<ref name="Shaw">[https://books.google.com/books?id=phHtwpt1ZKYC&pg=RA2-PA18 Shaw, Historical origins. Appendix article: Critical Review of the Scottic or Gaelic History, pp. 18–19]</ref> Alex Woolf accepted the identification of Kenneth, son of Malcolm, with Kenneth III as a possible solution, but suggested a number of alternatives. Kenneth II himself was a Kenneth, son of Malcolm; his name could have been transferred to the killer of his successor by a faulty text. Or Kenneth, son of Malcolm, could be an accidental reversal of Malcolm (II), son of Kenneth. Or the killer could be a Kenneth, son of Malcolm who was not actually a member of the royal family.<ref name="Woolf3">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7d1SP6ztlq0C&pg=PA89 Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, pp. 221–222]</ref>

The [[Annals of Tigernach]] report that Constantine was killed in a battle between the Scots in 997: "''A battle between the Scots, in which fell Constantine son of Culannan, king of Scotland, and many others.''" Another entry of the same year reports the death of [[Máel Coluim I of Strathclyde]], though it is unclear if the two deaths were connected.<ref name="Annals of Tigernach">[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100002A/index.html Annals of Tigernach, online translation. Entry T997.1 and T.997.3]</ref><ref name="Anderson2">[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313 Anderson, Early sources of Scottish history, A.D. 500–1286, pp. 517–519]</ref> A Chronicle of the Scots and Picts entry adds a number of details. Constantine, son of Culen, was killed by Kenneth, son of Malcolm (see above) at ''[[Bertha (Perth)|Rathinveramon]]''. Constantine's body was transported for burial to [[Iona]]. An entry in the [[Chronicle of Melrose]] describes "''King Constantine, Culen's son, ... slain by the sword''" at the mouth of [[River Almond, Perthshire|Almond]] in Tegalere. Again the killer is reported as Kenneth, son of Malcolm.<ref name="Anderson2"/> John of Fordun's narrative is more verbose. According to it, Constantine and Kenneth, son of Malcolm met one day in Laudonia ([[Lothian]]), by the banks of the [[River Almond, Lothian|River Almond]]. They engaged in battle, resulting in great slaughter on both sides and the death of both leaders. The guards of Constantine fled to Gryme (Kenneth III), "''colleague''" of their leader, allowing him to win the throne. However, news of the battle and its results reached Malcolm (II) in [[Cumbria]]. He learned of the death of his "''uncle and the rest of his faithful friends''", and returned to gather reinforcements for his cause — though he was defeated in his initial conflict against Gryme.<ref name="Skene"/>

John of Fordun consistently depicts Malcolm II holding [[Cumbria]], emerging from it to combat Constantine III and Kenneth III (or his son Giric). In 1000, Malcolm reportedly defended Cumbria against the invasion of [[Æthelred the Unready]], [[List of English monarchs|King of England]].<ref name="Smyth3">[https://books.google.com/books?id=mxxwmg48bFgC&pg=PA226 Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000, p. 226]</ref> A relevant entry from the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' confirms that the Danish fleet which regularly raided England departed in 1000. This sudden relief from attack Æthelred used to gather his thoughts, resources, and armies: the fleet's departure in 1000 "allowed Æthelred to carry out a devastation of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]], the motive for which is part of the lost history of the north."<ref name="Smyth3"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y65NxJaMtcC&q=Steathclyde Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'', p. 379.]</ref> But this indicates the limits to Constantine's (and Kenneth's) area of authority and informs us that Cumbria/Strathclyde lay beyond them.<ref name="Smyth3"/> The opponent of Æthelred is not however specified by the Chronicle. [[Benjamin Hudson]] notes that John of Fordun was at times confused when depicting events of this period. The conflict depicted could actually be one between Æthelred and Kenneth III, [[Scottish people|Scottish]] and [[Anglo-Saxons]] armies fighting over control of [[Strathclyde]] — Aethelred wanting to restore Anglo-Saxon control in an area once conquered by [[Edmund the Elder]] (reigned 939–946), his grandfather. Perhaps he was desperately seeking to add some [[revenue]] to his treasury. Kenneth and the Scots were naturally unwilling to lose an area under their own rule for two generations.<ref name="Hudson">[https://books.google.com/books?id=uMtuva92HwwC&pg=PA226 Hudson, Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages, pp. 218–219]</ref>