Editing Columbus Day (section)

=== History ===
[[File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Christopher Columbus]] ({{langx|it|Cristoforo Colombo}}), posthumous portrait by [[Ridolfo Ghirlandaio]], {{circa}} 1520]]
The first Columbus Day celebration took place on October 12, 1792, when the Columbian Order of New York, better known as the Tammany Society (the precursor to [[Tammany Hall]]), held an event to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the historic landing.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Columbus Day|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Columbus-Day|encyclopedia=Britannica Encyclopedia
|access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref> The [[Columbus Obelisk]] in Baltimore was erected in 1792.

Many [[Italian Americans]] observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage and not of Columbus himself, and the day was celebrated in New York City on October 12, 1866.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Día de la Raza – Viva Cuernavaca |url=http://universaldomainexchange.com/vivacue2/dia-de-la-raza/ |access-date=2018-12-02 |website=universaldomainexchange.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The day was first enshrined as a legal holiday in the United States through the lobbying of Angelo Noce, a first-generation American, in Denver.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noce |first=Angelo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ci1OAAAAYAAJ |title=Columbus Day in Colorado: Angelo Noce ... |date=1910 |publisher=Angelo Noce, printer |language=en}}</ref> The first statewide holiday was proclaimed by Colorado governor Jesse F. McDonald in 1905, and it was made a [[statutory]] holiday in 1907.<ref name="Sale, Kirkpatrick p359">Sale, Kirkpatrick, "The Conquest of Paradise", p. 359, {{ISBN|0-333-57479-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuma Pioneer September 15, 1905 – Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection |url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&d=YPI19050915.2.68&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN--------0- |access-date=2018-12-07 |website=www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org}}</ref> (Colorado replaced Columbus Day with [[Frances Xavier Cabrini]] Day in 2020, though that holiday is observed a week earlier.)<ref name="Colo">{{cite web|url=https://www.cpr.org/2020/10/03/monday-is-colorados-1st-mother-cabrini-day-heres-why-the-state-chose-her-to-replace-columbus-day|title=The first Monday Of October is Frances Xavier Cabrini Day. Here's why Colorado chose to replace Columbus Day|last1=Townsend|first1=Lief|date=October 3, 2020|access-date=June 29, 2024}}</ref>

For the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1892, following [[1891 New Orleans lynchings|the lynchings of 11 Italian immigrants by a mob in New Orleans]],  President [[Benjamin Harrison]] declared Columbus Day as a one-time national celebration.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatsoproudlywehail.org/curriculum/the-american-calendar/proclamation-on-the-400th-anniversary-of-the-discovery-of-america-by-columbus|title=Proclamation on the 400th Anniversary of the Discovery of America by Columbus|website=www.whatsoproudlywehail.org|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref> The proclamation was part of a wider effort after the lynching incident to placate Italian Americans and ease diplomatic tensions with Italy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/12/opinion/columbus-day-italian-american-racism.html|title=Opinion: How Italians Became 'White'|last=Staples|first=Brent|date=2019-10-12|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-14|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During the anniversary in 1892, teachers, preachers, poets, and politicians used rituals to teach ideals of patriotism. These rituals took themes such as citizenship boundaries, the importance of loyalty to the nation, and the celebration of [[social progress]], included among them was the [[Pledge of Allegiance]] by [[Francis Bellamy]].<ref name="Kubal, Timothy 2008">Kubal, Timothy. 2008. Cultural Movements and Collective Memory: Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref><ref name="Connell, William J. 2010">{{cite web|url=http://theamericanscholar.org/what-columbus-day-really-means/|title=What Columbus Day Really Means|last=Connell|first=William J.|year=2010|publisher=The American Scholar}}</ref><ref name="Appelbaum, Yoni 2012">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/how-columbus-day-fell-victim-to-its-own-success/261922/|title=How Columbus Day Fell Victim to Its Own Success|last=Appelbaum|first=Yoni|date=October 8, 2012|magazine=The Atlantic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423042032/http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/how-columbus-day-fell-victim-to-its-own-success/261922/|archive-date=April 23, 2013|url-status=live|access-date=April 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Columbus-day.svg|thumb|upright|Stylized graphic from the [[United States Department of Defense]]]]

In 1934, as a result of lobbying by the [[Knights of Columbus]] and New York City Italian leader [[Generoso Pope]], Congress passed a statute stating: "The President is requested to issue each year a proclamation (1) designating October 12 as Columbus Day; (2) calling on United States government officials to display the flag of the United States on all government buildings on Columbus Day; and (3) inviting the people of the United States to observe Columbus Day, in schools and churches, or other suitable places, with appropriate ceremonies that express the public sentiment befitting the anniversary of the discovery of America."<ref name="Sale, Kirkpatrick p359" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/36C1.txt|title=36 USC 107, ch. 184, 48 Stat. 657|author=United States House of Representatives|author-link=United States House of Representatives|date=April 30, 1934|work=[[United States Code]]|publisher=[[Office of the Law Revision Counsel]]|format=Text|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006210010/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/36C1.txt|archive-date=October 6, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=October 19, 2012|df=mdy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct12.html|title=Today in History: October 12|author=American Memory|author-link=American Memory|date=October 6, 2010|work=Today in History|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] (National Digital Library)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011093538/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct12.html|archive-date=October 11, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=October 19, 2012|df=mdy}}</ref> President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] responded by making such a proclamation. This proclamation did not lead to the modern federal holiday; it was similar to language regarding Thomas Jefferson's birthday and Gold Star Mothers Day. In 1941, [[Internment of Italian Americans|some 1,881 Italian Americans were interned]] and lost rights as "[[enemy aliens]]" because of a widely held belief that they would remain loyal to Italy, an [[Axis powers|Axis power]], during World War II. Almost all of those interned were citizens of Italy, including Italian students and businessmen residing in the U.S.; the internment did not include the 690,000 Italians who had immigrated to the United States and millions of other Americans of Italian descent. On Columbus Day 1942, Franklin Roosevelt announced the removal of the designation of Italian Americans as "enemy aliens" along with a plan to offer citizenship to 200,000 elderly Italians living in the United States who had been unable to acquire citizenship due to a literacy requirement. However, the implementation of the announcement was not completed until those interned in camps were released following Italy's surrender to the Allies on September 8, 1943.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lanni |first1=Robert |title=Why Columbus Day of 1942 is so Meaningful Today |url=https://www.italian-americans.com/christopher-columbus/why-columbus-day-of-1942-is-so-meaningful-today/ |website=Italian-Americans.com |date=October 12, 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Di Stasi |first1=Lawrence |title=Una Storia Segreta: The Secret History of Italian American Evacuation and Internment during World War II |date=2004 |publisher=Berkeley: Heyday Books |isbn=1-890771-40-6}}</ref>

In 1966, Mariano A. Lucca, from [[Buffalo, New York]], founded the National Columbus Day Committee, which lobbied to make Columbus Day a federal holiday.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/02/obituaries/mariano-a-lucca-92-columbus-day-backer.html|title=Mariano A. Lucca, 92, Columbus Day Backer|date=1994-03-02|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> These efforts were successful and legislation to create Columbus Day as a [[federal holiday]] was signed by President [[Lyndon Johnson]] on June 28, 1968, to be effective beginning in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/Federal_Holidays.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050223032801/http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/Federal_Holidays.pdf |archive-date=2005-02-23 |url-status=live|title=Federal holidays: evolution and application|last=Stephen|first=Stathis|date=1999|website=Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115217/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41990.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-03 |url-status=live|title=Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices|last=Straus|first=Jacob R.|date=2014|website=Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress}}</ref>

Since 1971, when Columbus Day became an officially recognized federal holiday in the United States, it has been observed on the second Monday in October, as commemorated by annual Presidential proclamation noting Columbus' achievements.<ref>{{cite news |title=LBJ Signs Bill to Set Up Five 3-Day Holidays |agency=Associated Press |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |date=June 29, 1968 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9eYhAAAAIBAJ&pg=6061,7091289&dq=district+of+columbia&hl=en }} The bill in question became the [[Uniform Monday Holiday Act]].</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=House |first=The White |date=2022-10-07 |title=A Proclamation on Columbus Day, 2022 |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/10/07/a-proclamation-on-columbus-day-2022/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> It is generally observed by banks, the [[bond market]], the [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postal Service]], other federal agencies, most state government offices, many businesses, and most school districts. Some businesses and some stock exchanges remain open, and some states and municipalities abstain from observing the holiday.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125512754947576887 |work=The Wall Street Journal |title=Is Columbus Day Sailing Off the Calendar? |first1=Conor |last1=Dougherty |first2=Sudeep |last2=Reddy |date=October 10, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821170554/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125512754947576887 | archive-date=August 21, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The traditional date of the holiday also adjoins the anniversary of the [[United States Navy]] (founded October 13, 1775), and thus both occasions are customarily observed by the Navy and the [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] with either a 72- or 96-hour liberty period.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Sampson, Rear-Adm. William Thomas, (9 Feb. 1840–6 May 1902), United States Navy; Commander-in-Chief, US Naval Forces on North Atlantic Station, 1898–99|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u190642|title=Who Was Who}}</ref>

The observance on the second Monday in October means it coincides with the Canadian holiday of [[Thanksgiving (Canada)|Thanksgiving]].