Editing Colt AR-15 (section)

==Operating mechanism==
[[File:M16 rifle Firing FM 23-9 Fig 2-7.png|thumb|left|Diagram of an [[M16 rifle]], firing]]
The 1956 {{US Patent|2951424}} by Eugene Stoner describes the cycling mechanism used in the Armalite AR-10 rifle that is common with rifles that use the Stoner "Direct Impingement" gas operated bolt and carrier system including Colt AR-15s. The bolt carrier acts as a movable cylinder and the bolt itself acts as a piston. This mechanism is often called "[[direct impingement|direct gas impingement]]", although that is now considered to be a misconception.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kevin Muramatsu|title=Gun Digest Guide to Customizing Your AR-15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGSYCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|year=2014|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=978-1-4402-4279-3|page=8}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The mechanism is now referred to as an "internal gas piston operating system".

Gas is tapped from the barrel as the bullet moves past a gas port located above the rifle's front sight base. The gas expands into the port and down a gas tube, located above the barrel that runs from the front sight base into the AR-15's upper receiver. Here, the gas tube protrudes into a "gas key" (bolt carrier key), which accepts the gas and funnels it into the bolt carrier.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Turner|first=Norman|date=2023-01-08|title=▷Best AR-15 Buyer's Guide 2023 - Steps to Choose Your First AR15|url=https://thegunzone.com/best-ar-15-buyers-guide/|access-date=2023-03-14|website=TheGunZone|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406191900/https://thegunzone.com/best-ar-15-buyers-guide/|archive-date=April 6, 2023}}</ref>

At this point, the bolt is locked into the barrel extension by locking lugs, so the expanding gas forces the bolt carrier backward a short distance. As the bolt carrier moves toward the butt of the gun, the bolt cam pin, riding in a slot on the bolt carrier, [[rotating bolt|forces the bolt to rotate and thus unlocks it]] from the barrel extension. Once the bolt is fully unlocked, it begins its rearward movement along with the bolt carrier. The bolt's rearward motion extracts the empty cartridge case from the chamber. As soon as the neck of the case clears the barrel extension, the bolt's spring-loaded ejector forces it out the ejection port in the side of the upper receiver.

Behind the bolt carrier is a plastic or metal buffer, which rests in line with a return spring. The buffer spring begins to push the bolt carrier and bolt back toward the chamber once it is compressed sufficiently. A groove machined into the upper receiver guides the bolt cam pin and prevents it and the bolt from rotating into a closed position. The bolt's locking lugs push a fresh round from the magazine as the bolt moves forward. The round is guided by feed ramps into the chamber. As the bolt's locking lugs move past the barrel extension, the cam pin twists into a pocket milled into the upper receiver. This twisting action follows the groove cut into the carrier and forces the bolt to twist and "lock" into the barrel extension.