Editing Cold War espionage (section)

== Major spy rings ==
[[Cambridge Five]]: The Cambridge Five consisted of five members that were recruited from the [[University of Cambridge]] in the 1930s. There is debate surrounding the exact timing of their recruitment, but it is generally believed that they were not recruited as agents until after they had graduated.  The group included [[Kim Philby]] (cryptonym 'Stanley'), [[Donald Maclean (spy)|Donald Maclean]] (cryptonym 'Homer'), [[Guy Burgess]] (cryptonym 'Hicks'), [[Anthony Blunt]] (cryptonyms 'Tony', 'Johnson'), and [[John Cairncross]] (cryptonym 'Liszt').  There were many others that were accused of being a part of the Cambridge Spy Ring, but these five members were collectively known as the Cambridge Five.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations|last=Trahair|first=Richard|publisher=Enigma books|year=2012|isbn=9781936274260|location=New York|pages=489–652}}</ref>

[[Portland spy ring]]: The Portland spy ring operated in England, as a Soviet spy ring, from the 1950s until 1961 when the core of the network were arrested by [[British Security Service]]s.  This spy ring was unique because they did not use the cover of an [[embassy]] as the cover for their spies.  Its members included [[Harry Houghton]], [[Ethel Gee]], [[Gordon Lonsdale]], and most famously Morris and [[Lona Cohen]] (cryptonym Peter and Helen Kroger).<ref name=":1" />

[[Ware Group]]: Sleeper spy ring in US headed by [[J. Peters]], first organized under [[Harold Ware]], inherited by [[Whittaker Chambers]] (under orders from Peters), and also included: [[John Abt]], [[Marion Bachrach]] (Abt's sister), [[Lee Pressman]], [[Alger Hiss]], [[Donald Hiss]], [[Charles Kramer (economist)|Charles Kramer]], [[Nathan Witt]], [[Henry Collins (official)|Henry Collins]], [[George Silverman]], [[John Herrmann]], [[Nathaniel Weyl]], and [[Victor Perlo]].  When Chambers defected in 1938, the Ware Group went dormant and then broke up. [[Harry Dexter White]] (below) contributed materials to Chambers but not as part of the Ware Group.

[[Silvermaster spy ring]]: The Silvermaster Spy Ring was led by [[Harry Dexter White]], assistant secretary of the Treasury and the second most influential member of the Treasury department.  His job was to aid placement of Soviet spies within the United States Government. The [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury Department]] was successfully infiltrated by many Soviet spies, the most successful of which belonged to the Silvermaster Spy Ring. [[Harold Glasser]], [[Elizabeth Bentley]], and [[Nathan Gregory Silvermaster|Nathan Silvermaster]] were other major members of the Silvermaster Spy Ring.<ref name=":1" />

[[Atomic spies]]: While the Atomic Spies were not exactly a network of spies, the collective information that was obtained by this group of Soviet spies was critical to the Soviet Union's ability to build an atomic bomb.  Many of the members of the Atomic spies group worked for, or around, the [[Manhattan Project]], or the United States building of the atomic bomb.<ref name=":1" />  This group included:

*[[Klaus Fuchs]]: a German-born British theoretical physicist.  He worked with the British delegation on the Manhattan Project.
*[[Morris Cohen (spy)|Morris Cohen]]: an American who gained insight to the plans from the secret laboratory at Los Alamos and delivered it to the designers of the Soviet atomic bomb.
*[[Harry Gold]]: an American who was a courier for Klaus Fuchs and David Greenglass.
*[[David Greenglass]]: an American machinist at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project. He gave crude schematics of lab experiments to the Russians.
*[[Theodore Hall]]: an American, and the youngest physicist at Los Alamos, gave a detailed description of the Fat Man plutonium bomb and several processes for purifying plutonium to the Soviets.
*[[George Koval]]: an American-born son of a Russian family.  He obtained information from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the [[Dayton Project]] about the [[Urchin (detonator)]] used for the Fat Man plutonium bomb.
*[[Irving Lerner]]: an American film director who was caught photographing the cyclotron at the University of California in 1944.
*[[Alan Nunn May]]: a British physicist who worked for the British nuclear research and then in Canada on the Manhattan Project. His uncovering in 1946 was responsible for the United States [[McMahon Act|restricting sharing atomic secrets]] with the British.
*[[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]]: Americans who were involved in the coordinating and recruiting of an espionage network. Ethel's brother was David Greenglass.
*[[Saville Sax]]: an American who acted as a courier for Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall.
*[[Morton Sobell]]: an American engineer who admitted to spying for the Soviets and uncovered how extensive the Rosenberg's recruiting network was.<ref name=":1" />