Editing Coca-Cola (section)

===19th century origins===
[[File:John Pemberton.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[John Pemberton]], the original creator of Coca-Cola]]
[[File:19th century Coca-Cola coupon.jpg|thumb|Believed to be the first coupon ever, this ticket for a free glass of Coca-Cola was first distributed in 1888 to help promote the drink. By 1913, the company had redeemed 8.5&nbsp;million tickets.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=First Coupon Ever |last=Geuss |first=Megan |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |volume=18 |date = October 2010|page=104 |issue=11}}</ref>]]
[[File:Coca Cola ad ca. 1943 IMG 3744.JPG|thumb|This refurbished Coca-Cola advertisement from 1943 is still displayed in [[Minden, Louisiana]].]]
[[File:Coca Cola Bottling Machine, Biedenharn Museum and Gardens IMG 4101.JPG|thumb|Early Coca-Cola vending machine at [[Biedenharn Museum and Gardens]] in [[Monroe, Louisiana]]]]

Confederate Colonel [[John Pemberton]], wounded in the [[American Civil War]] and [[Morphine addiction|addicted to morphine]], also had a medical degree and began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug.<ref>Richard Gardiner, "The Civil War Origin of Coca-Cola in Columbus, Georgia," ''Muscogiana: Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society'' (Spring 2012), Vol. 23: 21–24.</ref> In 1885 at Pemberton's Eagle Drug and Chemical House, his drugstore in [[Columbus, Georgia]], he registered [[Pemberton's French Wine Coca]] nerve tonic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/ga/muscogee/photos/pemberto13411gph.txt |title=Coca-Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist |work=Columbus Ledger |access-date=March 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511115720/http://files.usgwarchives.net/ga/muscogee/photos/pemberto13411gph.txt |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2011/03/27/1514591/columbus-helped-make-cokes-success.html|title=Columbus helped make Coke's success|work=Columbus Ledger-Enquirer|date=March 27, 2011|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110115355/http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2011/03/27/1514591/columbus-helped-make-cokes-success.html|archive-date=November 10, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4JGAQAAIAAJ&q=%22pemberton%2C+john+s.+atlanta%22+nerve&pg=PA423 |title=Annual Report of the Patent Office, 1885 |access-date=April 26, 2014 |last1=Patent Office |first1=United States |year=1886 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423112322/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4JGAQAAIAAJ&q=%22pemberton%2C+john+s.+atlanta%22+nerve&pg=PA423 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=pemberton_1.jpg|access-date=April 26, 2014|via=columbusstate.edu|url=http://facstaff.columbusstate.edu/gardiner_Richard/columbus/John_Pemberton_files/pemberton_1.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908005438/http://facstaff.columbusstate.edu/gardiner_Richard/columbus/John_Pemberton_files/pemberton_1.jpg|archive-date=September 8, 2013}}</ref> Pemberton's tonic may have been inspired by the formidable success of [[Vin Mariani]], a French-[[Corsica]]n [[coca wine]],<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark|author-link=Mark Pendergrast|title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/25 25] }}</ref> but his recipe additionally included the African [[kola nut]], the beverage's source of caffeine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cokemachinedirty00blan|url-access=limited|title=The Coke machine : the dirty truth behind the world's favorite soft drink|last=Blanding|first=Michael|date=2010|publisher=Avery|isbn=9781583334065|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cokemachinedirty00blan/page/n23 14]|oclc=535490831}}</ref> A Spanish drink called "Kola Coca" was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885, a year before the official birth of Coca-Cola. The rights for this Spanish drink were bought by Coca-Cola in 1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/08/10/newser-spanish-town-coca-cola/2638515/|title=Spanish town claims origins of Coca-Cola|website=[[USA Today]]|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302212931/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/08/10/newser-spanish-town-coca-cola/2638515/|archive-date=March 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montón |first=Lorena |date=2024-09-18 |title=El origen español de la Coca-Cola es real |url=https://www.rtve.es/television/20240918/origen-espanol-coca-cola/16252984.shtml |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=RTVE |language=es}}</ref>

In 1886, when Atlanta and [[Fulton County, Georgia|Fulton County]] passed [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]] legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, a non-alcoholic version of [[Pemberton's French Wine Coca]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Jack |last=Hayes |title=Coca-Cola Television Advertisements: Dr. John S. Pemberton |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colainvnt.html |magazine=Nation's Restaurant News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106000832/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colainvnt.html |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 21, 2007 }}</ref> It was marketed as "Coca-Cola: The temperance drink", which appealed to many people as the [[temperance movement]] enjoyed wide support during this time.<ref name="Eschner2017"/> The first sales were at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cocacolaweb.online.fr/chronicle/01.php |author=The Coca-Cola Company |title=The Chronicle Of Coca-Cola |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917012648/http://cocacolaweb.online.fr/chronicle/01.php |archive-date=September 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where it initially sold for five [[Cent (currency)|cents]] a glass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2165787/ |title=The Mystery of the 5-Cent Coca-Cola: Why it's so hard for companies to raise prices |first=Tim |last=Harford |work=Slate |date=May 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514033738/http://www.slate.com/id/2165787/ |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 12, 2007 }}</ref> Drugstore [[soda fountain]]s were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that [[carbonated water]] was good for the health,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colatime1.html |title=Themes for Coca-Cola Advertising (1886–1999) |access-date=February 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303070717/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colatime1.html |archive-date=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Pemberton's new drink was marketed and sold as a [[patent medicine]], Pemberton claiming it a cure for many diseases, including morphine addiction, indigestion, nerve disorders, headaches, and [[impotence]]. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the ''[[Atlanta Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/32 32] }}</ref>

By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola – sold by three separate businesses – were on the market. A co-partnership had been formed on January 14, 1888, between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen: [[J. C. Mayfield|J.C. Mayfield]], A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy, and E.H. Bloodworth. Not codified by any signed document, a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton's company as early as 1887.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| year=2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/42 42] }}</ref> John Pemberton declared that the {{em|name}} "Coca-Cola" belonged to his son, Charley, but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the {{em|formula}}.<ref name="Pendergrast1">{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| pages = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/45 45]–47 }}</ref>

Charley Pemberton's record of control over the "Coca-Cola" name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca-Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father's place.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/45 45] }}</ref> Charley's exclusive control over the "Coca-Cola" name became a continual thorn in Asa Candler's side. Candler's oldest son, [[Charles Howard Candler Sr.|Charles Howard Candler]], authored a book in 1950 published by [[Emory University]]. In this definitive biography about his father, Candler specifically states: "on April 14, 1888, the young druggist Asa Griggs Candler purchased a one-third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca-Cola."<ref name=Candler1950p81>{{cite book | last = Candler | first = Charles Howard | title = Asa Griggs Candler | year = 1950 | publisher = Emory University | page = 81 | location = Georgia }}</ref> The deal was actually between John Pemberton's son Charley and Walker, Candler & Co. – with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son. For $50 down and $500 in 30 days, Walker, Candler & Co. obtained all of the one-third interest in the Coca-Cola Company that Charley held, all while Charley still held on to the name. After the April 14 deal, on April 17, 1888, one-half of the Walker/Dozier interest shares were acquired by Candler for an additional $750.<ref name=ForGodCountryandCocaColapg44-45>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| pages = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/44 44]–45 }}</ref>