Editing Cleveland (section)

=== Establishment ===
[[File:Moses Cleaveland statue in 2021.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[James G. C. Hamilton]]'s 1888 statue of city founder General [[Moses Cleaveland]]]]
Cleveland was established on July 22, 1796, by surveyors of the [[Connecticut Land Company]] when they laid out [[Connecticut]]'s [[Connecticut Western Reserve|Western Reserve]] into townships and a capital city. They named the settlement "Cleaveland" after their leader, General [[Moses Cleaveland]], a veteran of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="moses">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Cleaveland, Moses |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleaveland-moses |access-date=August 21, 2019 |date=January 20, 2019 }}</ref> Cleaveland oversaw the [[New England]]–style design of the plan for what would become the modern downtown area, centered on [[Public Square, Cleveland|Public Square]], before returning to Connecticut, never again to visit Ohio.<ref name="moses" /> The town's name was often shortened to "Cleveland", even by Cleaveland's original surveyors. A common myth emerged that the spelling was altered by ''The Cleveland Advertiser'' in order to fit the name on the newspaper's [[Nameplate (publishing)|masthead]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Burton |first=Abby |title=CLE Myths: The "A" In Cleaveland |magazine=[[Cleveland Magazine]] |url=https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/articles/cle-myths-the-a-in-cleaveland |date=November 25, 2019 |access-date=May 20, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bourne |first=Henry E. |year=1896 |title=The Story of Cleveland |magazine=New England Magazine |volume=14 |issue=6 |page=744 |quote=It was agreeable to the wishes of many of our oldest and most intelligent citizens, who are of the opinion that the 'a' is superfluous. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Og7AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Cleveland%20Advertiser%22%201831%20spelling&pg=PA744 }}</ref>

The first permanent European settler in Cleveland was [[Lorenzo Carter (settler)|Lorenzo Carter]], who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River.{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/14 14]}} The emerging community served as an important supply post for the U.S. during the [[Battle of Lake Erie]] in the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=War of 1812 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=January 20, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/war-1812 |access-date=May 29, 2020 }}</ref> Locals adopted Commodore [[Oliver Hazard Perry]] as a civic hero and erected a [[Perry Monument (Cleveland)|monument in his honor]] decades later.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Perry Monument |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/p/perry-monument |access-date=May 29, 2020 }}</ref> Largely through the efforts of the settlement's first lawyer [[Alfred Kelley]], the village of Cleveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814.{{sfn|Rose|1990|p=74}}

Despite the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, the town's waterfront location proved advantageous, giving it access to Great Lakes trade. It grew rapidly after the 1832 completion of the [[Ohio and Erie Canal]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ohio and Erie Canal |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/o/ohio-and-erie-canal |access-date=August 5, 2019 |date=February 7, 2019 }}</ref> This key link between the [[Ohio River]] and the [[Great Lakes]] connected Cleveland to the Atlantic Ocean via the [[Erie Canal]] and Hudson River, and later via the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]].<ref name="economy" /> The town's growth continued with added [[Rail transportation in the United States|railroad links]].{{sfn|Miller|Wheeler|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/clevelandconcise0000mill/page/51 51]}} In 1836, Cleveland, then only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga, was officially incorporated as a city, and [[John W. Willey]] was elected its first mayor.<ref name="timeline">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Timeline |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=http://ech.case.edu/timeline.html |access-date=August 1, 2022 |date=April 5, 2022 }}</ref> That same year, it nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring [[Ohio City, Cleveland|Ohio City]] over a bridge connecting the two communities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Columbus Street Bridge |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/columbus-street-bridge |date=November 18, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2023 }}</ref> Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its [[Municipal annexation in the United States|annexation]] by Cleveland in 1854.<ref name="timeline" />

A center of [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] activity,{{sfn|Keating|2022|pp=13–15}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wyatt-Brown |first=Bertram |title=Abolitionism |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |date=May 31, 2019 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/abolitionism |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref> Cleveland (code-named "Station Hope") was a major stop on the [[Underground Railroad]] for escaped African American [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] en route to Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Search of the Underground Railroad |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/tours/show/44 |access-date=June 7, 2020 }}</ref> The city also served as an [[Cleveland in the American Civil War|important center]] for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]].{{sfn|Keating|2022|p=38}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Abraham Lincoln in Cleveland: Remembering a Slain President |website=Cleveland Historical |publisher=Cleveland State University |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/70 |access-date=August 8, 2023 }}</ref> Decades later, in July 1894, the wartime contributions of those serving the Union from Cleveland and Cuyahoga County would be honored with the [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]] on Public Square.<ref name="soldiers-sailors">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/s/soldiers-and-sailors-monument |access-date=August 3, 2019 |date=May 22, 2018 }}</ref>