Editing Claude Pouillet (section)

== Scientific research ==
The [[Pouillet effect]] was named after the phenomenon that he published in 1822 on the heat produced by the wetting of dry sand.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pouillet|title=Mémoire sur de nouveaux phénomènes de production de chaleur|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|date=1822|volume=20|pages=141–162|series=2nd series|trans-title=Memoir on new phenomena of heat production|language=French}}  From p. 142:  ''"À l'instant où un liquide mouille un solide, il y a dégagement de chaleur."'' 
 (At the instant when a liquid wets a solid, there is a release of heat.)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UOE-ZscCYncC&dq=%22Pouillet+effect%22+sand&pg=PA2 Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology] by Jean Rouquerol, Françoise Rouquerol, Philip Llewellyn, Guillaume Maurin, Kenneth S.W. Sing</ref>

He developed a [[pyrheliometer]] and made, between 1837 and 1838,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PsKQCHV7Rq8C&dq=Pouillet+Pyrheliometer+1837&pg=PA17 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation: Methods and Measurements] by Kinsell Coulson</ref> the first quantitative measurements of the [[solar constant]]. His estimate was 1228 W/m<sup>2</sup>, very close to the current estimate of 1367 W/m<sup>2</sup>. Using the [[Dulong-Petit law]] inappropriately, he estimated the [[temperature]] of the Sun's surface to be around 1800&nbsp;°C.<ref>See:
*  {{cite journal|last1=Pouillet|title=Mémoire sur la chaleur solaire, sur les pouvoirs rayonnants et absorbants de l'air atmosphérique, et sur la température de l'espace|journal=Comptes rendus|date=1838|volume=7|issue=2|pages=24–65|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/81350#page/34/mode/1up|trans-title=Memoir on solar heat, on the radiating and absorbing powers of the atmospheric air, and on the temperature of space|language=French}}  On p. 36, Pouillet estimates the sun's temperature:  ''" … cette température pourrait être de 1761° … "'' ( … this temperature [i.e., of the Sun] could be 1761° … )
*  English translation:  Pouillet (1838) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44 "Memoir on the solar heat, on the radiating and absorbing powers of atmospheric air, and on the temperature of space"] in:  Taylor, Richard, ed. (1846) ''Scientific Memoirs, Selected from the Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science and Learned Societies, and from Foreign Journals.'' vol. 4. London, England:  Richard and John E. Taylor. pp. 44–90; see pp. 55–56.</ref> This value was corrected in 1879 to 5430&nbsp;°C by [[Joseph Stefan|Jožef Stefan]] (1835–1893).

He published works on [[optics]], [[electricity]], [[magnetism]], [[meteorology]], [[photography]] and [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometry]]. In the field of optics he conducted investigations of [[diffraction|diffraction phenomena]]. In his studies of electricity, he designed sine and [[tangent galvanometer]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pouillet|title=Mémoire sur la pile de Volta et sur la loi générale de l'intensité que prennent les courrants, soit qu'ils proviennent d'un seul élément, soit qu'ils proviennent d'une pile à grande ou à petite tension|journal=Comptes rendus|date=1837|volume=4|pages=267–279|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112006#page/273/mode/1up|trans-title=Memoir on the Voltaic pile [i.e., battery] and on the general law of the intensity that currents assume, whether they come from a single element or they come from a pile of high or low voltage|language=French}}</ref><ref name=RV/> Pouillet developed and corrected [[Joseph Fourier]]'s work on the surface temperature of the earth, developing the first real mathematical treatment of the [[greenhouse effect]]. He speculated that water vapour and carbon dioxide might trap infrared radiation in the atmosphere, [[climatology|warming the earth]] enough to support plant and animal life.<ref name="Baum">{{cite journal|last1=Baum, Sr.|first1=Rudy M.|title=Future Calculations: The first climate change believer|journal=Distillations|date=2016|volume=2|issue=2 |pages=38–39 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/future-calculations|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref>

His acclaimed textbook on physics and meteorology, ''Éléments de physique expérimentale et de météorologie'', was published in four parts.<ref>[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009268949 HathiTrust Digital Library] Eléments de physique expérimentale et de météorologie</ref> Also, it was translated into German by [[Johann Heinrich Jakob Müller]], and published with the title, ''Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie''.<ref>[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007160932?type%5B%5D=author&lookfor%5B%5D=%22Pouillet%2C%20Claude.%22&ft= Catalog HathiTrust] Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie</ref>

[[Svante Arrhenius]] (1896) cited a great deal of Pouillet's work.
{{Gallery
  |title=Instruments by Pouillet
  |align=center
  |File:Pouillet direct piroheliometer, 1863 - Museu da Ciência da Universidade de Coimbra - University of Coimbra - Coimbra, Portugal - DSC09086.jpg|Pouillet pyrheliometer, 1863
  |File:Sine and Tangent Galvanometer-MHS 98-IMG 3874-gradient.jpg|Pouillet Tangent Galvanometer on display at [[Musée d'histoire des sciences de la Ville de Genève]]
}}