Editing Class discrimination (section)

==Intersections with other systems of oppression==
Both gender and racial inequality intersect with class discrimination, influencing economic opportunities and social mobility for marginalized groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scheurich |first=James Joseph |last2=Mason |first2=Madeline |date=October 2024 |title=An Intersectionality-Based Research Framework and Methodology That Emphasizes Systemic Inequities in Public Schooling, Including Racism, Sexism, and Classism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15327086241254815 |journal=Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies |language=en |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1177/15327086241254815 |issn=1532-7086}}</ref>

Class discrimination and gender inequality intersect by shaping economic disparities that disproportionately affect women, particularly those in lower-income groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Jenny |date=September 2023 |title=Class, labour conflict, and workers’ organisation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1035304623000418/type/journal_article |journal=The Economic and Labour Relations Review |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=383–394 |doi=10.1017/elr.2023.41 |issn=1838-2673|hdl=10397/102023 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Research indicates that women are more likely to be employed in low-wage and part-time jobs, limiting their financial security and career advancement opportunities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beauregard |first=Katrine |date=2018-07-03 |title=Partisanship and the gender gap: support for gender quotas in Australia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2018.1449802 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=290–319 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2018.1449802 |issn=1036-1146}}</ref> Occupational segregation, where women are overrepresented in sectors such as caregiving and retail, contributes to persistent wage gaps.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blau |first=Francine D. |last2=Brummund |first2=Peter |last3=Liu |first3=Albert Yung-Hsu |date=2013-04-01 |title=Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009: Adjusting for the Impact of Changes in the Occupational Coding System |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/50/2/471/169671/Trends-in-Occupational-Segregation-by-Gender-1970 |journal=Demography |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=471–492 |doi=10.1007/s13524-012-0151-7 |issn=0070-3370|hdl=10419/58842 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>  For example, as of 2022, Black women make up 6% of employed workers but are 32% of home aids, where they earn on average $23,803 per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=Occupational Segregation in America |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/occupational-segregation-in-america/#two-tables |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Center for American Progress |language=en}}</ref> Women constitute nearly two-thirds of workers in the 20 occupations with the lowest median wages for full-time, year-round employees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ockerman |first=Emma |date=2023-03-14 |title=Women are overrepresented in lower-paying jobs. It's costing them billions. |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/women-are-overrepresented-in-lower-paying-jobs-its-costing-them-billions-of-dollars-ab234f8?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=MarketWatch |language=EN-US}}</ref> Additionally, economic barriers can exacerbate gender inequality in access to education and leadership positions, reinforcing systemic disadvantages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uhlaner |first=Carole Jean |last2=Scola |first2=Becki |date=June 2016 |title=Collective Representation as a Mobilizer: Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Their Intersections at the State Level |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1532440000003868/type/journal_article |journal=State Politics & Policy Quarterly |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=227–263 |doi=10.1177/1532440015603576 |issn=1532-4400}}</ref>

Similarly, the intersection of class and racial discrimination manifests in economic disparities that disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karlsen |first=Saffron |last2=Nazroo |first2=James Y. |date=April 2002 |title=Relation Between Racial Discrimination, Social Class, and Health Among Ethnic Minority Groups |url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.92.4.624 |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=624–631 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.92.4.624 |issn=0090-0036|pmc=1447128 }}</ref> Studies show that historical and structural barriers, including discriminatory labor policies and unequal access to education, contribute to income inequality among marginalized groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roscigno |first=Vincent J. |last2=Williams |first2=Lisa M. |last3=Byron |first3=Reginald A. |date=May 2012 |title=Workplace Racial Discrimination and Middle Class Vulnerability |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764211433805 |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |language=en |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=696–710 |doi=10.1177/0002764211433805 |issn=0002-7642}}</ref> Racial minorities are more likely to experience employment precarity and wage suppression, leading to reduced economic mobility compared to their white counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Racial Inequality in the United States |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/featured-stories/racial-inequality-in-the-united-states?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref>

Furthermore, racism persists within poor communities, including those with predominantly Black populations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gomez |first=Cristina |date=2018-11-05 |title=Racism and Gender Intersections Among Poor Urban Families The Role Of Inclusive Policies |url=https://journals.scholarpublishing.org/index.php/ASSRJ/article/view/5483 |journal=Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal}}</ref> This is often characterized as symbolic racism, where negative stereotypes associate Black individuals with social threats or anti-normative behavior (e.g., involvement in drugs or robbery), which is used to justify social exclusion.<ref name=":3" /> This form of racism can exist even among people of similar low socioeconomic status, suggesting it may stem from symbolic competition and social categorization rather than solely from direct competition for economic resources.<ref name=":3" /> Poverty itself functions as a discriminatory label, often intertwined with perceptions of social class and skin color. Individuals identified as beneficiaries of social policies (a marker of low-income status) report experiencing discrimination from non-beneficiaries.<ref name=":3" /> Individuals experiencing poverty may face various forms of discrimination but might not always identify racism as the specific cause, especially when dealing with multiple overlapping disadvantages. Both explicit and subtle forms of racism are reported.<ref name=":3" />