Editing Civilian Conservation Corps (section)

==U.S. Army==
Officers from the U.S. Army were in charge of the camps, but there was no military training. The [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], General [[Douglas MacArthur]], was placed in charge of the program.<ref>Darby, Jean
Douglas. ''[[Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]]'', Twenty-First Century Books, 1989, p. 47</ref> Initially, about 3,800 of the [[Regular Army (United States)|Regular Army]]'s 13,000 officers and 4,600 of its 120,000 enlisted men were assigned in the spring of 1933 to administer the CCC. The troops were pulled from just about every source possible, but usually from the Army’s combat regiments and battalions, and Army instructors on duty with [[ROTC]], [[United States Army Reserve|Organized Reserve]], and [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] organizations. In at least one case each, district personnel were drawn from an [[combat engineer|engineer regiment]] and an [[United States Army Air Corps|Air Corps]] group. MacArthur soon said that the number of Regular Army personnel assigned to the CCC was affecting military readiness.<ref>Imparato, Edward T., editor. "Effect of the Civilian Conservation Corps Project upon Army Activity and Readiness for Emergency". ''General MacArthur Speeches and Reports 1908–1964''. Turner Publishing Company, 2000, p. 58.</ref> 

Only 575 [[United States Army Reserve|Organized Reserve]] officers initially received orders for CCC duty. CCC tours were initially six months long, but were later lengthened to one year. In July 1933, the War Department ordered that Regular Army officers assigned as instructors with ROTC and Organized Reserve units be returned to their former duties. By the end of September 1933, the number of Regular officers on CCC duty had dropped to about 2,000 and the number of Reservists had increased to 2,200. By June 1934, only 400 Regular officers remained on CCC duty, and by October, Reserve officers had assumed command of almost all CCC companies and sub-districts. Effective on 1 January 1938, the War Department limited the number of Regular officers assigned to CCC duty to only 117. 

Due to a ruling that Reserve officers on CCC duty had to have the same housing and subsistence benefits as Regular officers, President Roosevelt directed that all Reservists be relieved from CCC duty effective 1 July 1939. The changeover was complete by September 1939, but it was a change largely in name only because many of the Reservists merely took off their uniforms and continued their jobs with the CCC as civilians, albeit with lower pay.

The Army found numerous benefits in the program. Through the CCC, the Regular Army could assess the leadership performance of both Regular and Reserve officers. In mobilizing, clothing, feeding, and controlling thousands of men, the CCC provided lessons which the Army used in developing its wartime mobilization plans for training camps. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals and sergeants. The CCC also provided command experience to Reserve officers, who normally interacted almost exclusively with other officers during training and did not have the chance to lead large numbers of enlisted men. Future Chief of Staff of the Army General [[George C. Marshall]] "embraced" the CCC, unlike many of his brother officers.{{sfn|Roberts|2008|p=25}}<ref>Charles E. Heller, "The U.S. Army, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and Leadership for World War II, 1933–1942", ''Armed Forces & Society'' (2010) 36#3 pp. 439–453 [http://afs.sagepub.com/content/36/3/439 online]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clay|first=Steven E.|date=2010|title=U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 4. The Services: Quartermaster, Medical, Military Police, Signal Corps, Chemical Warfare, and Miscellaneous Organizations, 1919-41|location=Fort Leavenworth, KS|publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press|pages=2752–2753}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>