Editing Citadel (section)

===3300–1300 BC===
Some of the oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the [[Indus Valley civilisation]], where citadels represented a centralised authority. Citadels in Indus Valley were almost 12 meters tall.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thapar |first=B. K. |year=1975|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/kalibangan/ |title=Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley |journal=Expedition |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=19–32}}</ref> The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures found in the ruins of [[Mohenjo-daro]] were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive against enemy attacks. Rather, they may have been built to divert flood waters.

Several settlements in [[Anatolia]], including the Assyrian cities of Kaneš in modern-day [[Kültepe]], featured citadels. Kaneš' citadel contained the city's palace, temples, and official buildings.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michel|first1=Cecile|publisher=Oxford|year=2016|isbn=9780199336012|title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BC)|editor=Sharon R. Steadman, Gregory McMahon|pages=313–320}}</ref> The citadel of the Greek city of [[Mycenae]] was built atop a highly-defensible rectangular hill and was later surrounded by walls in order to increase its defensive capabilities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 BC|last1=Thomas|first1=Carol G.|last2=Conant|first2=Craig|pages=2–10|isbn=9780253216021|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2003}}</ref>