Editing Cigar (section)

== History ==
{{Main|Age of Discovery|History of smoking}}
{{Further|European colonization of the Americas|Tobacco in the American colonies}}
[[File:MuseoRegionalTuxtla 27.JPG|thumb|upright|Indigenous tobacco pipe on display at the regional museum in [[San Andrés Tuxtla]], [[Mexico]]]]

Although the origins of cigar smoking are unknown, cigar smoking was first observed by European explorers when encountering the indigenous [[Taíno|Taino]] people of [[Cuba]] in 1492. While tobacco was widely diffused among many of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]] of the islands of the [[Caribbean]], it was completely unfamiliar to [[European peoples|Europeans]] before the [[discovery of the New World]] in the 15th century.<ref name="oxfordbibliographies1">{{cite web |last=Hahn |first=Barbara |date=31 July 2019 |origyear=27 August 2018 |title=Tobacco - Atlantic History |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0141.xml |website=oxfordbibliographies.com |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0141 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028093226/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0141.xml |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Escudero 2014">{{cite book |last=Escudero |first=Antonio Gutiérrez |year=2014 |chapter=Hispaniola's Turn to Tobacco: Products from Santo Domingo in Atlantic Commerce |editor1-last=Aram |editor1-first=Bethany |editor2-last=Yun-Casalilla |editor2-first=Bartolomé |title=Global Goods and the Spanish Empire, 1492–1824: Circulation, Resistance, and Diversity |location=[[Basingstoke]] |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |pages=216–229 |doi=10.1057/9781137324054_12 |isbn=978-1-137-32405-4}}</ref><ref name="Nater 2006">{{cite book |author-last=Nater |author-first=Laura |year=2006 |chapter=Colonial Tobacco: Key Commodity of the Spanish Empire, 1500–1800 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnvBYQqpJbQC&pg=PA93 |editor1-last=Topik |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Marichal |editor2-first=Carlos |editor3-last=Frank |editor3-first=Zephyr |title=From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000 |location=[[Durham, North Carolina]] |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |pages=93–117 |doi=10.1215/9780822388029-005 |isbn=978-0-8223-3753-9}}</ref> The Spanish historian, landowner, and Dominican friar [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] vividly described how the first scouts sent by [[Christopher Columbus]] into the interior of [[Cuba]] found

{{blockquote|Men with half-burned wood in their hands and certain herbs to take their smokes, which are some dry herbs put in a certain leaf, also dry, like those the boys make on the day of the Passover of the Holy Ghost; and having lighted one part of it, by the other they suck, absorb, or receive that smoke inside with the breath, by which they become benumbed and almost drunk, and so it is said they do not feel fatigue. These, muskets as we will call them, they call ''tabacos''. I knew Spaniards on this island of Española who were accustomed to take it, and being reprimanded for it, by telling them it was a vice, they replied they were unable to cease using it. I do not know what relish or benefit they found in it.<ref name=autogenerated3>''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'' p. 768.</ref>}}

Following the arrival of Europeans with the [[first wave of European colonization]], tobacco became one of the primary products fueling [[European colonialism]], and also became a driving factor in the incorporation of [[African slave trade|African slave labor]].<ref name="oxfordbibliographies1"/><ref name="Escudero 2014"/><ref name="Nater 2006"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Frederick C. |year=2010 |title=Working the Diaspora: The Impact of African Labor on the Anglo-American World, 1650–1850 |chapter=Cultivating Knowledge: African Tobacco and Cotton Workers in Colonial British America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqQUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |location=[[New York City|New York]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |pages=65–85 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9780814748183.003.0004 |isbn=9780814748183 |lccn=2009026860}}</ref> The Spanish introduced tobacco to Europeans in about 1528, and by 1533, [[Diego Columbus]] mentioned a tobacco merchant of [[Lisbon]] in his will, showing how quickly the traffic had sprung up. The French, Spanish, and Portuguese initially referred to the plant as the "sacred herb" because of its alleged medicinal properties.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

In time, Spanish and other European sailors adopted the practice of smoking rolls of leaves, as did the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|Portuguese]] ''[[conquistador]]s''.<ref name="oxfordbibliographies1"/><ref name="Nater 2006"/> Smoking primitive cigars spread to [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], and eventually [[Kingdom of France#Colonial France|France]], most probably through [[Jean Nicot]], the French ambassador to Portugal, who gave his name to [[nicotine]].<ref name="Nater 2006"/> Later, tobacco use spread to the [[Italian Wars|Italian kingdoms]], the [[Dutch Empire]], and, after Sir [[Walter Raleigh]]'s voyages to the Americas, to [[Kingdom of Great Britain#First British Empire|Great Britain]]. Tobacco smoking became familiar throughout Europe—in [[Tobacco pipe|pipes]] in Britain—by the mid-16th century.<ref name="Nater 2006"/>

Spanish cultivation of tobacco began in earnest in 1531 on the islands of [[Island of Hispaniola|Hispaniola]] and [[Captaincy General of Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]].<ref name="Escudero 2014"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.tobacco.org/History/Tobacco_History.html|title=Tobacco timeline|date=14 February 2019|website=Archive.tobacco.org}}</ref> In 1542, tobacco started to be grown commercially in North America, when Spaniards established the first cigar factory in Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://finecigars.com.au/cigar-information/history-cigars-old-world/ |title=The History of Cigars in the Old World |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093854/http://finecigars.com.au/cigar-information/history-cigars-old-world/ |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tobacco was originally thought to have medicinal qualities, but some considered it evil. It was denounced by [[Philip II of Spain]] and [[James I of England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cigars-review.org/history.htm|title=A bit of History|publisher=Cigars Review|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref>

Around 1592, the Spanish [[galleon]] ''San Clemente'' brought {{convert|50|kg|lb}} of tobacco seed to the Philippines over the [[Acapulco-Manila trade route]]. It was distributed among Roman Catholic missionaries, who found excellent climates and soils for growing high-quality tobacco there. The use of the cigar did not become popular until the mid 18th century, and although there are few drawings from this era, there are some reports.[[File:Harrynelsonpillsbury.jpg|thumb|[[Harry Nelson Pillsbury]] smoking a cigar]]

It is believed that [[Israel Putnam]] brought back a cache of [[Cuban cigar|Havana cigars]] during the [[Seven Years' War]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/29/magazine/cigar-asphyxionado.html|title=Cigar Asphyxionado|last=McNichol|first=Tom|work=The New York Times |date=29 June 1997 |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> making cigar smoking popular in the US after the [[American Revolution]]. He also brought Cuban tobacco seeds, which he planted in the [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] area of [[New England]]. This reportedly resulted in the development of the renowned shade-grown [[Connecticut shade tobacco|Connecticut wrapper]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wmcactionnews5.com/story/1411439/a-brief-history-of-the-cigar|title=A Brief History of the Cigar|access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

Towards the end of the 18th century and in the 19th century, cigar smoking was common, while [[cigarette]]s were comparatively rare. Towards the end of the 19th century, [[Rudyard Kipling]] wrote his famous smoking poem, ''[[The Betrothed (Kipling poem)|The Betrothed]]'' (1886). The cigar business was an important industry and factories employed many people before mechanized manufacturing of cigars became practical. Cigar workers in both Cuba and the US were active in labor strikes and disputes from early in the 19th century, and the rise of modern labor unions can be traced to the CMIU and other cigar worker unions.<ref>Lerman, N. (ed.) ''Gender and Technology: A Reader'', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, {{ISBN|0801872596}} (2003), pp. 212–13.</ref>

[[File:Ybor Cigar workers.jpg|thumb|Inside an [[History of Ybor City|Ybor City]] cigar factory c. 1920|left]]
[[File:Cigar making display, Ybor City Museum State Park, Tampa, Florida.jpg|thumb|left|Hand rolling cigars and relevant artifacts, [[Ybor City Museum State Park]] display, Tampa, Florida]]
[[File:Cigar making with a hand operated 1930s machine.jpg|thumb|left|Cigar making at Tampa's J.C. Newman Cigar Company, using machines from the 1930s]]

In 1869, Spanish cigar manufacturer [[Vicente Martinez Ybor]] moved his ''Principe de Gales'' (Prince of Wales) operations from the [[Cuban cigar|cigar manufacturing center]] of [[Havana, Cuba]] to [[Key West, Florida]] to escape the turmoil of the [[Ten Years' War]]. Other manufacturers followed, and Key West became an important cigar manufacturing center. In 1885, Ybor moved again, buying land near the small city of [[Tampa, Florida]] and building the largest cigar factory in the world at the time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridastateparks.org/history/parkhistory.cfm?parkid=142|title=Florida State Parks|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> in the new [[company town]] of [[History of Ybor City|Ybor City]]. Friendly rival and ''Flor de Sánchez y Haya'' owner Ignacio Haya built his factory nearby the same year, and many other cigar manufacturers followed, especially after an 1886 fire that gutted much of Key West. Thousands of [[Cuban-American|Cuban]] and [[Spanish-American|Spanish]] ''tabaqueros'' came to the area from Key West, Cuba and New York to produce hundreds of millions of cigars annually. Local output peaked in 1929, when workers in Ybor City and [[West Tampa]] rolled over 500 million "clear Havana" cigars, earning the town the nickname "Cigar Capital of the World".<ref name="Frank" /><ref>{{cite book | last = Ingalls | first = Robert | title = Tampa Cigar Workers: A Pictorial History | publisher = University Press of Florida | location = Gainesville | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-8130-2602-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite video | people = Jamison, Gayla (Producer, Director, Writer) | title = Living in America: 100 Years of Ybor City | medium = video documentary | publisher = Lightfoot Films, Inc. | location = Tampa, Fl | date = 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lastra | first = Frank | title = Ybor City: The Making of a Landmark Town | publisher = University of Tampa Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-59732-003-0 }}</ref> At its peak, there were 150 cigar factories in Ybor city, but by early in the next decade, nearly all of the factories had closed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/The-last-cigar-factory-in-Tampa-keeps-rolling_167667490/ |title=The last cigar factory in Tampa keeps rolling |date=26 April 2018 |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tampagov.net/economic-and-urban-development/programs/community-redevelopment-areas/ybor-city/history |title=Ybor City History |date=14 January 2018 |publisher=City of Tampa|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> Only one company still makes cigars in the Ybor City area, the [[J. C. Newman Cigar Company]], which moved to Tampa from Ohio in 1954 and took over the previous Regensburg cigar factory. The company was continuing to utilize some antique, hand-operated ARENCO and American Machine and Foundry cigarmaking machines from the 1930's.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tampabay.com/life-culture/history/2020/12/28/you-can-tour-tampas-newman-cigar-factory-and-be-like-walking-back-in-time/ |title=You Can Tour Tampa Newman Cigar Factory and Be Like Walking Back in Time|accessdate=2023-02-14 }}</ref>

In New York, cigars were made by rollers working in their homes. It was reported that as of 1883, cigars were being manufactured in 127 apartment houses in New York, employing 1,962 families and 7,924 individuals. A state statute banning the practice, passed late that year at the urging of trade unions on the basis that the practice suppressed wages, was ruled unconstitutional less than four months later. The industry, which had relocated to [[Brooklyn]] (then a separate municipality) and other places on [[Long Island]] while the law was in effect, then returned to New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/30/106140093.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/30/106140093.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Tenement cigar making |newspaper=The New York Times |date= 30 January 1884|access-date=25 October 2010}}</ref>

As of 1905, there were 80,000 cigar-making operations in the US, most of them small, family-operated shops where cigars were rolled and sold immediately.<ref name="Frank">{{cite web |url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,803,00.html |author=Frank, Michael |title=Wise old hands|publisher=Cigaraficionado.com |date=1 December 1993 |access-date=25 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225152718/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,803,00.html |archive-date=25 February 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While most cigars are now made by machine, some, as a matter of prestige and quality, are rolled by hand—especially in Central America and Cuba, as well as in small ''chinchales'' in sizable cities in the US.<ref name="Frank" />