Editing Cicada (section)

==Taxonomy and diversity==
[[File:Snodgrass Magicicada septendecim.jpg|thumb|A [[Magicicada cassinii|17-year cicada]], ''Magicicada'', [[Robert Evans Snodgrass]], 1930<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snodgrass |first1=Robert Evans |author-link1=Robert Evans Snodgrass |title=Insects Their Ways and Means of Living |year=1930 |publisher=Smithsonian |page=Facing page 198 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/39088001578236#page/n239/mode/2up/search/cicada}}</ref>]]

The superfamily Cicadoidea is a sister of the [[Froghopper|Cercopoidea]] (the froghoppers). Cicadas are arranged into two families: the Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. The two [[extant taxon|extant]] species of the Tettigarctidae include one in southern Australia and the other in [[Tasmania]]. The family Cicadidae is subdivided into the subfamilies [[Cicadettinae]], [[Cicadinae]], [[Derotettiginae]], [[Tibicininae]] (or Tettigadinae), and [[Tettigomyiinae]],<ref name=phylo2018>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C |author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and they are found on all continents except Antarctica. Some previous works also included a family-level taxon called the [[Tibiceninae]]. The largest species is the Malaysian emperor cicada ''[[Megapomponia imperatoria]]''; its wingspan is up to about {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}.<!--<ref>{{cite web |title=Hemiptera (bugs) cicadas, leaf hoppers, frog hoppers, etc. |url=http://www.bumblebee.org/invertebrates/Hemiptera2.htm |publisher=Bumblebee.org |access-date=27 August 2015}}</ref>--><ref name="Carwardine2008">{{cite book |last=Carwardine |first=Mark |title=Animal Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3FEKopUFkUC&pg=PA224 |year=2008 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-4027-5623-8 |page=224}}</ref> Cicadas are also notable for the great length of time some species take to mature.<ref name="Burton2002">{{cite book|author1=Burton, Maurice |author2=Burton, Robert |title=International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Chickaree - crabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BumyQJ14n8sC&pg=PA455 |year=2002 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7270-4 |pages=455–457}}</ref>

At least 3,000 cicada species are distributed worldwide, in essentially any habitat that has deciduous trees, with the majority being in the tropics. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographical region, and many species have a very limited range. This high degree of [[endemism]] has been used to study the biogeography of complex island groups such as in Indonesia and Asia.<ref name=Resh>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA56 |year=2009 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |pages=56–63}}</ref> There are several hundred described species in Australia and [[List of cicadas of New Zealand|New Zealand]],{{efn|A further 300 collected Australian species remain to be described.}} around 150 in South Africa, over 170 in America north of Mexico,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanborn |first1=Allen F. |last2=Phillips |first2=Polly K. |title=Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico |journal=Diversity |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=166–239 |doi=10.3390/d5020166 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Diver...5..166S }}</ref> at least 800 in Latin America,<ref name="Hogue1993">{{cite book |last=Hogue |first=Charles Leonard |title=Latin American Insects and Entomology |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07849-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3CTf8bnlndwC/page/n244 233]}}</ref> and over 200 in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |title=The Current Status of Cicada Taxonomy on a Region-by-Region Basis |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |publisher=University of Connecticut |date=2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009192742/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/taxonomy/current_taxo.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

About 100 species occur in the [[Palearctic realm|Palaearctic]]. A few species are found in southern Europe,<ref name="Burton2002"/> and a single species was known from England, the [[Cicadetta montana|New Forest cicada]], ''Cicadetta montana'', which also occurs in continental Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marren |first1=Peter |last2=Mabey |first2=Richard|author1-link=Peter Marren|author2-link=Richard Mabey |title=Bugs Britannica |date=2010 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-8180-2 |page=189}}</ref> Many species await formal description and many well-known species are yet to be studied carefully using modern acoustic analysis tools that allow their songs to be characterized.

{{cladogram|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 |label1=
 |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Cicadidae]]
  |1={{clade
   |label1=
   |1={{clade
    |label1=
    |1={{clade
     |label1=
     |1={{clade
      |1=[[Cicadinae]]
      |2=[[Cicadettinae]]
     }}
    }}
    |2=[[Tettigomyiinae]]
   }}
   |2=[[Tibicininae]]
  }}
  |2=[[Tettigarctidae]]
 }}
}}|caption=A phylogenetic treatment suggested by a 2018 study.<ref name=phylo2018 />}}

Many of the North American species are the annual or jarfly or [[dog days|dog-day]] cicadas, members of the ''[[Neotibicen]]'', ''[[Megatibicen]]'', or ''[[Hadoa]]'' genera, so named because they emerge in late July and August.<ref name= "Milne">{{cite book |last1=Milne |first1=Lorus |last2=Milne |first2=Margery |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders |publisher=Alfred A Knopf |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-394-50763-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00miln }}</ref> The best-known North American genus, however, may be ''[[Magicicada]]''. These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 or 17 years, with adults suddenly and briefly [[predator satiation|emerging in large numbers]].<ref name="Milne" /><ref name=magicicada>{{Cite web| url = http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| title = Periodical Cicadas| website = magicicada.org| access-date = 23 August 2018| archive-date = 11 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183653/http://magicicada.org/magicicada/broods/| url-status = dead}}</ref>

[[List of cicadas of Australia|Australian cicadas]] are found on tropical islands and cold coastal beaches around Tasmania, in tropical wetlands, high and low deserts, alpine areas of [[New South Wales]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], large cities including [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], and [[Brisbane]], and Tasmanian highlands and snowfields. Many of them have common names such as cherry nose, brown baker, [[Psaltoda moerens|red eye]], greengrocer, yellow Monday, whisky drinker, [[double drummer]], and black prince. The Australian greengrocer, ''[[Cyclochila australasiae]]'', is among the loudest insects in the world.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Cicadas: Superfamily Cicadoidea| publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/cicadas-superfamily-cicadoidea/ |access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Chorus cicada.jpg|thumb|A [[chorus cicada]], a species endemic to New Zealand]]

[[File:Cicada - Japan - August 2021.webm|thumb|Cicadas in [[Japan]]]]

More than 40 species from five genera populate New Zealand, ranging from sea level to mountain tops, and all are [[endemism|endemic]] to New Zealand and its surrounding islands ([[Kermadec Islands]], [[Chatham Islands]]). One species is found on Norfolk Island, which technically is part of Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/cicadas/page-1|title=Introducing cicadas|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> The closest relatives of the NZ cicadas live in New Caledonia and Australia.

[[File:Mesogereon superbum 2.jpg|thumb|[[Mesozoic]] fossil fore wing of ''[[Mesogereon superbum]]'', Australia]]

===Palaeontology===
Fossil Cicadomorpha first appeared in the [[Late Triassic]]. The superfamily [[Palaeontinoidea]] contains three families. The Upper Permian Dunstaniidae are found in Australia and South Africa, and also in younger rocks from China. The [[Upper Triassic]] Mesogereonidae are found in Australia and South Africa.<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Bo |last2=Zhang |first2=Haichun |last3=Szwedo |first3=Jacek |title=Jurassic Palaeontinidae From China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) |journal=Palaeontology |date=2009 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x|bibcode=2009Palgy..52...53W |doi-access=free }}</ref> This group, though, is currently thought to be more distantly related to Cicadomorpha than previously thought.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=Jacek |title=The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=June 2016 |volume=107 |issue=2–3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1017/s175569101700038x |bibcode=2016EESTR.107..109S |s2cid=134243346 }}</ref>

[[File:Prolystra lithographica.JPG|thumb|The giant cicada ''[[Prolystra lithographica]]'' from Germany [[Jurassic]], about 145–150 million years ago]]
The [[Palaeontinidae]] or "giant cicadas" (though only distantly related to true cicadas) come from the [[Jurassic]] and [[Lower Cretaceous]] of Eurasia and South America.<ref name=Wang/> The first of these was a fore wing discovered in the [[Taynton Limestone Formation]] of Oxfordshire, England; it was initially described as a butterfly in 1873, before being recognised as a cicada-like form and renamed ''[[Palaeontina oolitica]]''.<ref name="butler">{{cite book |author=Arthur Gardiner Butler |year=1869–1874 |title=Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera |publisher=E. W. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lepidopteraexoti00butl/page/126 126]–127}}</ref>

Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae had diverged from each other prior to or during the [[Jurassic]], as evidenced by fossils related to both lineages present by the Middle Jurassic (~165 million years ago). The morphology of well preserved fossils of early relatives of Cicadidae from the mid Cretaceous [[Burmese amber]] of Myanmar suggests that unlike many modern cicadids, they were either silent or only made quiet sounds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Hui |last2=Szwedo |first2=Jacek |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Chen |first4=Jun |last5=Moulds |first5=Maxwell S. |last6=Mähler |first6=Bastian |last7=Muscente |first7=A. Drew |last8=Zhuo |first8=De |last9=Nyunt |first9=Thet Tin |last10=Zhang |first10=Haichun |last11=Wei |first11=Cong |last12=Rust |first12=Jes |last13=Wang |first13=Bo |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mesozoic evolution of cicadas and their origins of vocalization and root feeding |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=376 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-44446-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10774268 |pmid=38191461|bibcode=2024NatCo..15..376J }}</ref> Most fossil Cicadidae are known from the Cenozoic,<ref name="Moulds2018">{{cite journal |last1=Moulds |first1=M. S. |title=Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae |journal=Zootaxa |date=22 June 2018 |volume=4438 |issue=3 |pages=443–470 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2 |pmid=30313130 |s2cid=52973182 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.4438.3.2/33643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and the oldest unambiguously identified modern cicadid is ''Davispia bearcreekensis'' (subfamily Tibicininae) from the [[Paleocene]], around 56–59 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Poinar |first1=George |last2=Kritsky |first2=Gene |title=Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Historical Biology |date=October 2012 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=461–466 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2011.603421 |bibcode=2012HBio...24..461P |s2cid=82426789 }}</ref>