Editing Chlorpromazine (section)

===Other uses===
Chlorpromazine is occasionally used off-label for treatment of severe [[migraine]].<ref name = MD/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Logan P, Loga P, Lewis D | title = Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Chlorpromazine in migraine | journal = Emergency Medicine Journal | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 297–300 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17384391 | pmc = 2658244 | doi = 10.1136/emj.2007.047860 }}</ref> It is often, particularly as [[palliation]], used in small doses to reduce nausea by [[opioid]]-treated cancer patients and to intensify and prolong the analgesia of the opioids as well.<ref name = MD>{{cite book | chapter = Chlorpromazine| title =  Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|date=30 January 2013|access-date=8 December 2013|location= London | chapter-url= http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-7021-g.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richter PA, Burk MP | title = The potentiation of narcotic analgesics with phenothiazines | journal = The Journal of Foot Surgery | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 378–380 | date = July–August 1992 | pmid = 1357024 }}</ref> Efficacy has been shown in treatment of symptomatic [[hypertensive emergency]].

In Germany, chlorpromazine still carries label indications for [[insomnia]], severe [[pruritus]], and preanesthesia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epgonline.org/drugs/de/propaphenin/ |title=Propaphenin, Medicine and Disease information |work=EPG Online |date=14 July 2001 |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235156/http://www.epgonline.org/drugs/de/propaphenin/ |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

Chlorpromazine has been used as a [[trip killer|hallucinogen antidote or "trip killer"]] to block the effects of [[serotonergic psychedelic]]s like [[psilocybin]], [[lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD), and [[mescaline]].<ref name="HalmanKongSarris2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halman A, Kong G, Sarris J, Perkins D | title = Drug-drug interactions involving classic psychedelics: A systematic review | journal = J Psychopharmacol | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–18 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 37982394 | pmc = 10851641 | doi = 10.1177/02698811231211219 | url = }}</ref><ref name="YatesMelon2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yates G, Melon E | title = Trip-killers: a concerning practice associated with psychedelic drug use | journal = Emerg Med J | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–113 | date = January 2024 | pmid = 38123961 | doi = 10.1136/emermed-2023-213377 | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250511111827oe_/https://s3.amazonaws.com/crawl.prod.proquest.com/fpcache/71f445805bfb61341cbc438c8ae23bd3.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEBMaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQDETX7YpaG5THA%2FNbKR0d92wr6h%2Bgg9preNcKjAsEqo%2BQIhAIlPGGWOeUc23LqhBzRYbxvSXB9aqSe2vVonl4nacAhhKp0CCLz%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQABoMNTE4MzQ2ODQ4MzQxIgy9ji58Qtbi%2BavuKeYq8QEDL1U5KZDQ0bXFyVapeqJgE%2FX6x8DcJfFU8DAXYZPSQEwrIdfPbZWcYsH340deru%2FUHnNaGGpuHFoVzui%2FMbqBz7MANcowj%2FL1%2BQZzQ5hXh5KM3BW8E6NRzrQyuPRmBy7kQUkx8%2BjTN%2BXSMgF%2FCAs6Dn9fScgBGz3ddkwRZXDkjasqMP65RCPKhagK68cyMbf3oX%2BKS8a4Kltc2rk3CnWEhOKrZU4mIxq07DikLAXQbl8YRZJIkeOhN5TgBaLWJqyn1td2VWCMymAaFsqtPWHwXnEfsolRlfDooe6QXfE2YwX5PxBVJU7GPXRgrAqPjwtJMOCHgsEGOpwBYif%2BaDMBdz3IEghuvCvorAS0mkHzdcOz%2Fi7AzuN9nch%2FIm8llhMsN41aAWHuSG25pnhhftauFsg7rbGsrW2nl2kq2upi9zP7y%2Fnqk93jcP0kr0jM8zU12bYoSTsToQJsshH4N%2BTQUMwlzRQfeVv8MXdq%2BgSTTzJrWNwT1yNzye3rSHjvOumbNl6sgBISw7QqRzhB6hZTuf8AcI%2B7&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20250511T111826Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAXRL7BHBKRAKCQVVB%2F20250511%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=20bb1b90e4c8dbaa4115c954387617ebe2f55269bdd517692f1380193ed3f769}}</ref><ref name="Suran2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Suran M | title = Study Finds Hundreds of Reddit Posts on "Trip-Killers" for Psychedelic Drugs | journal = JAMA | volume = 331 | issue = 8 | pages = 632–634 | date = February 2024 | pmid = 38294772 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2023.28257 | url = }}</ref> However, the results of clinical studies of chlorpromazine for this use have been inconsistent, with reduced effects, no change in effects, and even enhanced effects all reported.<ref name="HalmanKongSarris2024" />

Chlorpromazine and other phenothiazines have been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial properties, but are not currently used for this purpose except for a very small number of cases. For example, Miki ''et al.'' 1992 trialed daily doses of chlorpromazine, reversing [[chloroquine resistance]] in ''[[Plasmodium chabaudi]]'' isolates in [[mice]].<ref name="Miki-et-al-1992-bundle">
   {{Unbulleted list citebundle
      |{{cite journal | vauthors = Henry M, Alibert S, Rogier C, Barbe J, Pradines B | title = Inhibition of efflux of quinolines as new therapeutic strategy in malaria | journal = Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 563–578 | date = 1 April 2008 | pmid = 18473883 | doi = 10.2174/156802608783955593 | publisher = [[Bentham Science Publishers|Bentham]] | s2cid = 13127221 }}
      |{{cite journal | vauthors = Miki A, Tanabe K, Nakayama T, Kiryon C, Ohsawa K | title = Plasmodium chabaudi: association of reversal of chloroquine resistance with increased accumulation of chloroquine in resistant parasites | journal = Experimental Parasitology | volume = 74 | issue = 2 | pages = 134–142 | date = March 1992 | pmid = 1740175 | doi = 10.1016/0014-4894(92)90040-h | publisher = [[Academic Press|AP]] | s2cid = 37364349 }}
   }}
</ref> Weeks ''et al.'', 2018 find that it also possesses a wide spectrum [[anthelmintic]] effect.<ref name="Repurposing">
   {{Unbulleted list citebundle
      |{{*}} {{cite journal | vauthors = Mangoni AA, Tuccinardi T, Collina S, Vanden Eynde JJ, Muñoz-Torrero D, Karaman R, Siciliano C, de Sousa ME, Prokai-Tatrai K, Rautio J, Guillou C, Gütschow M, Galdiero S, Liu H, Agrofoglio LA, Sabatier JM, Hulme C, Kokotos G, You Q, Gomes PA | title = Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-3 | journal = Molecules | volume = 23 | issue = 7 | page = 1596 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29966350 | pmc = 6099979 | doi = 10.3390/molecules23071596 | publisher = [[MDPI AG]] | s2cid = 49644934 | doi-access = free }}<!--- Published by MDPI but highly cited including by Jimenez-Lopez et al., 2020, Elmaaty et al., 2021, and Sridhar et al., 2020. --->
      |{{*}} {{cite journal | vauthors = Weeks JC, Roberts WM, Leasure C, Suzuki BM, Robinson KJ, Currey H, Wangchuk P, Eichenberger RM, Saxton AD, Bird TD, Kraemer BC, Loukas A, Hawdon JM, Caffrey CR, Liachko NF | title = Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Chlorpromazine Are Rapidly Acting Anthelmintic Drugs Capable of Clinical Repurposing | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 975 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29343694 | pmc = 5772060 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-18457-w | publisher = [[Springer Science and Business Media LLC]] | bibcode = 2018NatSR...8..975W | s2cid = 205636792 }}
   }}
</ref>

Chlorpromazine is an [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of several insect [[monoamine receptor]]s.<ref name="Verlinden-et-al-2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Verlinden H, Vleugels R, Marchal E, Badisco L, Pflüger HJ, Blenau W, Broeck JV | title = The role of octopamine in locusts and other arthropods | journal = Journal of Insect Physiology | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 854–867 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20621695 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.05.018 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] | bibcode = 2010JInsP..56..854V }}</ref> It is the most active antagonist known of silk moth (''[[Bombyx mori]]'') [[octopamine receptor α]], intermediate for ''Bm'' tyramine receptors [[tyramine receptors 1|1]] & [[tyramine receptors 2|2]], weak for ''[[Drosophila melanogaster|Drosophila]]'' [[octopamine receptor β]], high for ''Drosophila'' tyramine receptor 1, intermediate for migratory locust (''[[Locusta migratoria]]'') tyramine receptor 1, and high for American cockroach (''[[Periplaneta americana]]'') octopamine receptor α and tyramine receptor 1.<ref name="Verlinden-et-al-2010" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of chlorpromazine to placebo<ref name=Adams>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams CE, Awad GA, Rathbone J, Thornley B, Soares-Weiser K | title = Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = CD000284 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24395698 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000284.pub3 | pmc = 10640712 | url = http://www.cochrane.org/CD000284/SCHIZ_chlorpromazine-versus-placebo-schizophrenia | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001054010/http://www.cochrane.org/CD000284/SCHIZ_chlorpromazine-versus-placebo-schizophrenia | archive-date = 1 October 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! Measured outcome !! Findings summary!! Findings range!! Quality of evidence
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:left;"| '''Global effects'''
|-
| No improvement (9 weeks – 6 months) || 30% less risk of having no improvement in mental state, behaviour and functioning || [[relative risk|RR]] 0.7 [[confidence interval|CI]] 0.6 to 0.9 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Very low <small>(estimate of effect uncertain)</small>
|-
| Relapse (6 months – 2 years) || 35% less risk of relapse || RR 0.7 CI 0.5 to 0.9
|-
|}