Editing Chinatown (section)

==History==
{{See also|Chinese emigration}}
[[Entrepôt|Trading centers]] populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughout [[Southeast Asia]]. [[Chinese emigration|Emigration]] to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the signing of the [[Treaty of Peking]] (1860), which opened China's borders to free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastal [[Chinese province|provinces]] of [[Guangdong]] (Canton, Kwangtung) and [[Fujian]] (Fukien, Hokkien) in [[southeastern China]] – where the people generally speak [[Taishanese|Toishanese]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] (Chiuchow) and [[Hokkien]].  In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a significant amount of [[Chinese emigration]] to North America originated from four counties called [[Sze Yup]], located west of the [[Pearl River Delta]] in [[Guangdong]] province, making Toishanese a dominant [[Varieties of Chinese|variety]] of the [[Chinese language]] spoken in [[Chinatowns in Canada and the United States]].

As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, which was to provide a transitional place into a new culture. As net migration has slowed into them, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving as [[ethnic enclave]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nhpr.org/post/chinatown-ghost-town |title=From Chinatown to Ghost Town |publisher=NHPR |date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2013-05-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042729/http://nhpr.org/post/chinatown-ghost-town |archive-date=2013-11-01 }}</ref>

===In Asia===
{{See also|Parián}}
[[File:Binondo,Manilajf0231 16.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Binondo]], [[Manila]], home to the world's oldest Chinatown]]
In the [[Spanish Philippines]], where the oldest surviving Chinatowns are located, the district where Chinese migrants (''[[sangley]]es'') were required to live is called a [[parián]], which were originally a marketplace for trade goods. Most of them were established in the late 16th century and became settlements of Chinese migrants due to the early Spanish colonial policy of ethnic segregation. There were numerous pariáns throughout the Philippines in various locations, the names of which still survive into modern district names. This include the [[Parián (Manila)|Parián de Arroceros]] of [[Intramuros]], [[Manila]] (which was eventually moved several times, ending up in [[Binondo]]). The term was also carried into [[Latin America]] by Filipino migrants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dela Cerna |first1=Madrilena |title=Parian in Cebu |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=188 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224131510/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=2&i=188 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Parian and the Spanish Colonial Economy |url=https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/10/16/the-parian-and-the-spanish-colonial-economy/ |website=Intramuros Administration, Republic of the Philippines |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029214134/https://intramuros.gov.ph/2020/10/16/the-parian-and-the-spanish-colonial-economy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pacs.ph">{{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=John William |title=The Word Parian: An Etymological and Historical Adventure |journal=The Ethnic Chinese as Filipinos (Part III) |date=2000 |volume=8 |pages=67–72 |url=https://www.pacs.ph/the-ethnic-chinese-as-filipinos-part-3-2000/ |access-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029214132/https://www.pacs.ph/the-ethnic-chinese-as-filipinos-part-3-2000/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The central market place of [[Mexico City]] (now part of [[Zócalo]]) selling imported goods from the [[Manila galleons]] in the 18th and early 19th centuries was called "Parián de Manila" (or just "Parián").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fish |first1=Shirley |title=The Manila-Acapulco galleons: the treasure ships of the Pacific; with an annotated list of the transpacific galleons 1565 - 1815 |date=2011 |publisher=AuthorHouse |location=Central Milton Keynes |isbn=9781456775438 |page=438}}</ref>

Along the coastal areas of [[Southeast Asia]], several Chinese settlements existed as early as the 16th century according to [[Zheng He]] and [[Tomé Pires]]' travel accounts. Melaka during the Portuguese colonial period, for instance, had a large Chinese population in Campo China. They settled down at port towns under the authority's approval for trading. After the European colonial powers seized and ruled the port towns in the 16th century, Chinese supported European traders and colonists, and created autonomous settlements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=腾讯网 |date=2024-11-11 |title=zh：舟山差点变“香港”？英国最想占的为何是舟山，而非香港？_腾讯新闻 |trans-title=en：Zhoushan almost became "Hong Kong"? Why did the UK want to occupy Zhoushan instead of Hong Kong? _Tencent News |url=https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20241111A07KTW00 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=news.qq.com |language=zh-CN}}</ref>

Several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those in [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], [[Kobe]], [[Kuwana, Mie|Kuwana]], and [[Yokohama]], Japan,<ref>{{cite book|last=Takekoshi|first=Yosaburo|title=economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan, Vol. 2|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|page=124}}</ref> [[Binondo]] in Manila, [[Hoi An]] and Bao Vinh in central Vietnam<ref>{{cite book|last=Li|first=Qingxin|title=Maritime Silk Road|year=2006|publisher=China International Press|page=157}}</ref> all existed in 1600. [[Glodok]], the Chinese quarter of [[Jakarta, Indonesia]], dates to 1740.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abeyesekere |first=Susan |title=Jakarta: A History|year=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press. All rights reserved|page=6 }}</ref>

Chinese presence in India dates back to the 5th century CE, with the first recorded Chinese settler in [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Calcutta]] named Young Atchew around 1780.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147|title=Calcutta's Chinatown facing extinction over new rule |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=31 July 2004|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234646/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147|archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> Chinatowns first appeared in the Indian cities of [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[Chinatown, Mumbai|Mumbai]], and [[Chennai]].

The [[Chinatown, Bangkok|Chinatown]] centered on [[Yaowarat Road]] in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center]]|url=http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/yaowarat-heritage-centre.html|title=The History of Chinatown Bangkok|access-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920194046/http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/yaowarat-heritage-centre.html|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

===Outside of Asia===
[[File:Chinese Arch Little Bourke St Melbourne.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Chinatown, Melbourne]] is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the [[Western World]] and the oldest Chinatown in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/|title=Chinatown Melbourne|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=January 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125022815/http://chinatownmelbourne.com.au/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ABOUTMELBOURNE/HISTORY/Pages/multiculturalhistory.aspxt|title=Melbourne's multicultural history|publisher=[[City of Melbourne]]|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930190838/https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/melbourne-heritage/Pages/melbourne-heritage.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/|title=World's 8 most colourful Chinatowns|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131130906/http://matadornetwork.com/trips/worlds-8-most-colorful-chinatowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The essential guide to Chinatown |url=https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920 |website=Melbourne Food and Wine Festival |date=3 February 2021 |publisher=Food + Drink Victoria |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234525/https://www.melbournefoodandwine.com.au/read-watch/latest-news/news/the-essential-guide-to-chinatown-920 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of the [[Blue Funnel Shipping Line]], a [[cargo ship|cargo transport]] company established by [[Alfred Holt]]. The [[Commerce|commercial]] [[shipping line]] created strong [[Economic history of China (pre-1911)|trade]] links between the cities of [[Shanghai]], [[Hong Kong]], and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton, and [[tea]].<ref name="LCBA">{{cite web|title=History of Liverpool Chinatown |publisher=The Liverpool Chinatown Business Association |url=http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |access-date=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref> They settled near the docks in south Liverpool, this area was heavily bombed during World War II, causing the Chinese community moving to the current  location [[Chinatown, Liverpool|Liverpool Chinatown]] on Nelson Street.

The [[Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown in San Francisco]] is one of the largest in North America and the oldest north of Mexico. It served as a port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the 1850s to the 1900s.<ref>[https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373 Documentary film about the early history of San Francisco's Chinatown] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106231830/https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373 |date=2014-01-06 }}, KPIX-TV, 1963.</ref> The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the [[Central Pacific Railroad|Central Pacific]]<ref name="Foster 2001">{{cite book|author=Lee Foster|title=Northern California History Weekends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VA0GAmdjK4C|access-date=26 December 2011|date=1 October 2001|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-1076-8|page=13}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> on the [[First transcontinental railroad in North America|Transcontinental Railroad]]. Since it started in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], that city had a notable Chinatown for almost a century.<ref>Roenfeld, R. (2019) [https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/ "A History of Omaha's Chinatown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044231/https://northomahahistory.com/2019/03/05/a-history-of-omahas-chinatown-by-ryan-roenfeld/ |date=March 6, 2019 }}, NorthOmahaHistory.com. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</ref> Other cities in North America where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from [[San Diego]] to [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]]. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 [[Gold Rush]].

Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the [[Western United States]] in states such as [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]] and [[Arizona]]. As the [[transcontinental railroad]] was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such as [[St. Louis]], [[Chicago]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Butte, Montana]]. Chinatowns then subsequently emerged in many [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast cities]], including [[Chinatown, Manhattan|New York City]], [[Chinatown, Boston|Boston]], [[Chinatown, Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] and [[Baltimore]]. With the passage of the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], many [[American South|southern states]] such as [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor.<ref name="Okihiro 2015">{{cite book|last=Okihiro|first=Gary Y.|title=American History Unbound: Asians and Pacific Islanders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|year=2015|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-27435-8|page=201|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502225136/https://books.google.com/books?id=WaowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201|archive-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>

The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially when [[labor dispute]]s arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with the [[Rock Springs Massacre]]. Many of these frontier Chinatowns became extinct as American racism surged and the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] was passed.

In Australia, the [[Victorian gold rush]], which began in 1851, attracted Chinese prospectors from the [[Guangdong]] area. A community began to form in the eastern end of [[Little Bourke Street]], [[Melbourne]] by the mid-1850s; the area is still the center of the [[Melbourne Chinatown]], making it the oldest continuously occupied Chinatown in a western city (since the San Francisco one was destroyed and rebuilt). Gradually expanding, it reached a peak in the early 20th century, with Chinese business, mainly furniture workshops, occupying a block wide swath of the city, overlapping into the adjacent [[Little Lon district|'Little Lon]]' red light district. With restricted immigration it shrunk again, becoming a strip of Chinese restaurants by the late 1970s, when it was celebrated with decorative arches. However, with a recent huge influx of students from mainland China, it is now the center of a much larger area of noodle shops, travel agents, restaurants, and groceries. The [[Australian gold rushes]] also saw the development of a Chinatown in [[Sydney]], at first around [[The Rocks, New South Wales|The Rocks]], near the docks, but it has moved twice, first in the 1890s to the east side of the Haymarket area, near the new markets, then in the 1920s concentrating on the west side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown|title=Chinatown|website=Dictionary of Sydney|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427115045/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chinatown|url-status=live}}</ref> Nowadays, [[Chinatown, Sydney|Sydney's Chinatown]] is centered on Dixon Street.

Other Chinatowns in European capitals, including [[Quartier Asiatique|Paris]] and [[Chinatown, London|London]], were established at the turn of the 20th century. The first Chinatown in London was located in the [[Limehouse]] area of the [[East End of London]]<ref>Sales, Rosemary; d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. "London's Chinatown" in Donald, Stephanie; Kohman, Eleonore; Kevin, Catherine. (eds) (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45 ''Branding Cities: Cosmopolitanism, Parochialism, and Social Change''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212165201/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVJkryx7cJAC&pg=PA45 |date=February 12, 2024 }}. [[Routledge]]. pp. 45–58.</ref> at the start of the 20th century. The Chinese population engaged in business which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented the [[London Docklands|Docklands]]. The area acquired a bad reputation from exaggerated reports of [[opium den]]s and [[slum housing]].

France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of [[Wenzhou]], in the [[Zhejiang]] province of China. Significant Chinatowns sprung up in [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] and the [[13th arrondissement of Paris]].
{{Gallery |align=center
|File:Chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|[[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan's Chinatown]], the largest concentration of [[Chinese people]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]]<ref name="Manhattan Chinatown Largest Concentration Chinese Western Hemisphere">{{cite web|url=https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|title=Chinatown New York|publisher=Civitatis New York|quote=As its name suggests, Chinatown is where the largest population of Chinese people live in the Western Hemisphere.|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404164227/https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fact-sheet" /> and one of [[Chinese Americans in New York City|nine Chinatown neighborhoods in New York City]],<ref name="NYC Twelve Chinatowns">{{cite web|url=https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|title=Believe It or Not, New York City Has Nine Chinatowns|author=Stefanie Tuder|publisher=EATER NY|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=February 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226081349/https://ny.eater.com/2019/2/25/18236523/chinatowns-restaurants-elmhurst-homecrest-bensonhurst-east-village-little-neck-forest-hills-nyc|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as one of twelve in the surrounding [[New York metropolitan area]]|File: Brooklyn_Chinatown.png|[[Chinatowns in Brooklyn|Brooklyn]], the [[Boroughs (New York City)|borough]] with the highest number of [[Chinese people in New York City|Chinatowns in New York City]]
|File:San Francisco Chinatown.jpg|[[Chinatown, San Francisco]], the oldest Chinatown in the US
|File:Boston Chinatown Paifang.jpg|[[Chinatown, Boston]], a Chinatown inspired and developed on the basis of modern [[engineering]] concepts
|File:Friendship Gate Chinatown Philadelphia from west.jpg|[[Chinatown, Philadelphia]], the recipient of significant [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigration]] from both [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]]<ref name="Chinese NYC to Philadelphia">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html|title=Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia|author=Matt Katz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 20, 2018|access-date=November 10, 2019|archive-date=August 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and China<ref name="Philadelphia Foreign Born">{{cite news|url=https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html|title=Welcome to Philly: Percentage of foreign-born city residents has doubled since 1990|author=Jeff Gammage|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=May 10, 2019|access-date=November 10, 2019|quote=China is, far and away, the primary sending country, with 22,140 city residents who make up about 11 percent of the foreign-born population, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts analysis of Census data.|archive-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180258/https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|File:Chinese Arch - geograph.org.uk - 1021559.jpg|[[Chinatown, Liverpool|Liverpool's Chinatown]], the oldest Chinatown in Europe
}}

===1970s to the present===
By the late 1970s, refugees and exiles from the [[Vietnam War]] played a significant part in the redevelopment of Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many existing Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past had been largely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China.

In 2001, the events of [[September 11 attacks|September 11]] resulted in a mass migration of about 14,000 Chinese workers from [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan's Chinatown]] to [[Montville, Connecticut]], due to the fall of the garment industry. Chinese workers transitioned to [[casino]] jobs fueled by the development of the [[Mohegan Sun]] casino.

In 2012, [[Chinatown, Tijuana|Tijuana's Chinatown]] formed as a result of availability of direct flights to China. The [[La Mesa (Tijuana)|La Mesa District of Tijuana]] was formerly a small enclave, but has tripled in size as a result of direct flights to [[Shanghai]]. It has an ethnic Chinese population rise from 5,000 in 2009 to roughly 15,000 in 2012, overtaking [[Mexicali]]'s Chinatown as the largest Chinese enclave in Mexico.
{{Wide image|Chinatown 1.jpg|600px|3=<div align=center>The busy intersection of [[Main Street (Queens)|Main Street]] and [[Roosevelt Avenue]] in the [[Flushing Chinatown|Flushing Chinatown (法拉盛華埠)]], [[Downtown Flushing]], [[Queens]], [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]]. The segment of Main Street between [[Kissena Boulevard]] and Roosevelt Avenue, punctuated by the [[Long Island]] [[Long Island Rail Road|Rail Road]] [[Trestle bridge|trestle]] overpass, represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown.  Housing over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest by this metric outside Asia, [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] has become home to the largest and one of the fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|title=This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest growing Chinatowns in the world|author=Melia Robinson|website=Business Insider|date=May 27, 2015|access-date=March 3, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730033121/http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|archive-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> Flushing is undergoing rapid [[gentrification]] by Chinese transnational entities,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments|title='Not what it used to be': in New York, Flushing's Asian residents brace against gentrification|author=Sarah Ngu|newspaper=[[The Guardian US]]|date=January 29, 2021|access-date=August 13, 2020|quote=The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to Flushing, which is 69% Asian. 'They've been here, they live here, they work here, they've invested here,' said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February...Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&amp;T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m...The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese-American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese.|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813091230/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/13/flushing-queens-gentrification-luxury-developments|url-status=live}}</ref> and the growth of the business activity at the core of [[Downtown Flushing]], dominated by the Flushing Chinatown, has continued despite the Covid-19 pandemic.<ref name=FlushingChinatownContinuesGrowth>{{cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2022/12/new-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html|title=Can the Hochul-Adams New New York Actually Happen?|author=Justin Davidson|publisher=Curbed - New York magazine|date=December 15, 2022|access-date=December 18, 2022|archive-date=December 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218183018/https://www.curbed.com/2022/12/new-new-york-report-review-hochul-adams-doctoroff.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, [[Chinese emigration|illegal Chinese immigration]] to [[Chinese people in New York City|New York City]], and especially to the city's Flushing Chinatown, has accelerated.<ref name=NYCPrimaryChineseDestination>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html|title=Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border|author=Eileen Sullivan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 2023|access-date=November 24, 2023|quote=Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city’s resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan...“New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community,” said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.|archive-date=November 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125055441/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/us/politics/china-migrants-us-border.html?searchResultPosition=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
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The [[New York metropolitan area]], consisting of [[New York City]], [[Long Island]], and nearby areas within the states of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Pennsylvania]], is home to the largest Chinese-American population of any [[U.S. metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China, enumerating an estimated 893,697 in 2017,<ref name="NYC Chinese 1">{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 14, 2020|title=Selected Population Profile in the United States 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref> and including at least 12 Chinatowns, including nine in New York City proper alone.<ref name="NYC Twelve Chinatowns" /> Steady [[Chinese emigration|immigration from mainland China]], both legal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2|date=13 April 2016|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-date=August 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808080130/http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=10 April 2011|archive-date=July 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712200141/https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|url-status=live}}</ref> and illegal,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-09/news/29541916_1_illegal-chinese-immigrants-qm2-queen-mary|title=Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities|author=John Marzulli|newspaper=New York Daily News |date=9 May 2011|access-date=March 3, 2019|location=New York|archive-date=2015-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034445/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/malaysian-man-smuggled-illegal-chinese-immigrants-brooklyn-queen-mary-2-authorities-article-1.143516|url-status=dead}}</ref> has fueled Chinese-American population growth in the New York metropolitan area. New York's status as an alpha global city, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace are among the many reasons it remains a major international immigration hub. The [[Manhattan Chinatown]] contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in the [[Western hemisphere]],<ref name="fact-sheet">* {{cite web |url=http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet |website=Explore Chinatown |access-date=March 2, 2019 }}
* {{cite web 
 |url=http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html 
 |title=The History of New York's Chinatown 
 |author=Sarah Waxman 
 |publisher=Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc 
 |access-date=March 3, 2019 
 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014333/https://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html 
 |url-status=live 
 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |author=David M. Reimers |access-date=April 11, 2016 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web 
 |url=http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf 
 |title=Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4 
 |author=Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz 
 |publisher=Middle States Geographer 
 |year=2002 
 |volume=35 
 |pages=110–119 
 |work=Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers 
 |access-date=March 3, 2019 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf 
 |archive-date=October 29, 2012 
 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104 |title=Still the golden door: the Third ...&nbsp;– Google Books |author=David M. Reimers |access-date=April 11, 2016 |isbn=9780231076814 |year=1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing Chinatown]] in [[Queens]] has become the world's largest Chinatown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/behind-illicit-massage-parlors-lie-a-vast-crime-network-and-modern-indentured-servitude/ar-BBUhZgJ?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout|title=Behind Illicit Massage Parlors Lie a Vast Crime Network and Modern Indentured Servitude|first1=Nicholas |last1=Kulish|first2=Frances |last2=Robles|first3=Patricia |last3=Mazzei|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 2, 2019|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043138/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/behind-illicit-massage-parlors-lie-a-vast-crime-network-and-modern-indentured-servitude/ar-BBUhZgJ?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=mailsignout|archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has adversely affected tourism and business in Chinatown, San Francisco<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2020/11/30/san-francisco-chinatown-business-covid/|title=The country's oldest Chinatown is fighting for its life in San Francisco Covid-19 has decimated tourism in the neighborhood. Can its historic businesses survive?|author=Jada Chin|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 30, 2020|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202235502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2020/11/30/san-francisco-chinatown-business-covid/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Chinatown, Chicago]], Illinois<ref>{{cite news|url=https://herald-review.com/news/state-and-regional/chicagos-chinatown-takes-a-hit-as-coronavirus-fears-keep-customers-away-business-is-down-as/article_d7b72df2-d40c-5d30-afce-bb42baccae2e.html|title=Chicago's Chinatown takes a hit as coronavirus fears keep customers away. Business is down as much as 50% at some restaurants|author=Robert Channick|newspaper=Herald & Review|date=February 12, 2020|access-date=December 3, 2020|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427124131/https://herald-review.com/news/state-and-regional/chicagos-chinatown-takes-a-hit-as-coronavirus-fears-keep-customers-away-business-is-down-as/article_d7b72df2-d40c-5d30-afce-bb42baccae2e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as others worldwide.