Editing Chili pepper (section)

=== Origins ===

''Capsicum'' plants originated in modern-day [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]], and have been a part of human diets since about 7,500 BC.<ref name="Pickersgill">{{cite journal | author=B Pickersgill | title=Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus Capsicum) | journal=Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=683–691 | date=December 1971 | pmid=28564789 | doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x | s2cid=205772121 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="bosland">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html| author=PW Bosland | date=1998 | chapter=Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop | pages=479–487 | veditors=Janick J | title=Progress in New Crops | publisher=ASHS Press |location=Arlington, Virginia |access-date=23 December 2010}}</ref><!--<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=L Mishan |title=How The Chili Became Hot |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/18/t-magazine/hot-chiles-pepper-spice.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 August 2022 }}</ref>--> They are one of the oldest [[agriculture|cultivated crops]] in the Americas.<ref name="bosland"/> Chili peppers were cultivated in east-central [[Mexico]] some 6,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/uoc--bot041614.php |title=Birthplace of the domesticated chili pepper identified in Mexico |publisher= EurekaAlert, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|date=21 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Kraft_2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, d'Eeckenbrugge GC, Hijmans RJ, Gepts P |title=Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6165–6170 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24753581 |pmc=4035960 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1308933111 | doi-access=free |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6165K}}</ref> and independently across different locations in the Americas including highland Peru and Bolivia, central Mexico, and the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]].<ref name="Chiou">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiou KL, Hastorf CA |title=A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond |journal=Economic Botany |date=16 December 2014 |volume=68 |issue=3 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press |pages=316–336 |doi=10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2 |jstor=43305668 |bibcode=2014EcBot..68..316C |s2cid=36556206 }}</ref> They were among the first [[Self-pollination|self-pollinating]] crops cultivated in those areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carrizo García C, Barfuss MH, Sehr EM, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA, Ehrendorfer F |date=July 2016 |title=Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum, Solanaceae) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=35–51 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcw079 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc=4934398 |pmid=27245634 }}</ref><ref name=bosland/>

[[Peru]] has the highest diversity of cultivated ''Capsicum''; it is a center of diversification where varieties of all five domesticates were introduced, grown, and consumed in pre-Columbian times.<ref name="van">{{cite journal |author1=Maarten van Zonneveld |author2=Marleni Ramirez |author3=David E. Williams |author4=Michael Petz |author5=Sven Meckelmann |author6=Teresa Avila |author7=Carlos Bejarano |author8=Llermé Ríos |author9=Karla Peña |author10=Matthias Jäger |author11=Dimary Libreros |author12=Karen Amaya |author13=Xavier Scheldeman | title=Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=10 | issue=9 | pages=e0134663 | year=2015 | pmid=26402618 | pmc=4581705 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134663 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2015PLoSO..1034663V }}</ref> The largest diversity of wild ''Capsicum'' peppers is consumed in Bolivia. Bolivian consumers distinguish two basic forms: ''ulupicas'', species with small round fruits including ''C. eximium'', ''C. cardenasii'', ''C. eshbaughii'', and ''C. caballeroi'' landraces; and ''arivivis'' with small elongated fruits including ''C. baccatum'' var. ''baccatum'' and ''C. chacoense'' varieties.<ref name=van/>

[[File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 25, page 019 - 蕃椒 - Capsicum annuum L., 1804 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia ''[[Seikei Zusetsu]]'', 1804]]