Editing Chancellor of Austria (section)

== History ==
The use of the term [[Chancellor]] ({{lang|de|Kanzler}}, derived from {{langx|la|cancellarius}}) as head of the [[Chancery (medieval office)|chancery]] writing office can be traced back as far as the 9th century, when under King [[Louis the German]] the office of the [[Archchancellor]] ({{lang|de|Erzkanzler}}), later Imperial Chancellor ({{lang|de|Reichserzkanzler}}), was created as a [[Prince-elector|high office]] on the service of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reichserzkanzler.de/index.php?id=492 |title=Interdisziplinärer Arbeitskreis Kurmainz und der Erzkanzler des Reiches: Reichserzkanzler |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707170316/http://www.reichserzkanzler.de/index.php?id=492 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The task was usually fulfilled by the [[Electorate of Mainz|Prince-Archbishops of Mainz]] as Archchancellors of the [[Kingdom of Germany|German lands]].

In the course of the [[Imperial reform]], the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] in 1498 attempted to counter the spiritual power of the {{lang|de|Reichserzkanzler}} with a more secular position of an Imperial Court Chancellor ({{lang|de|Hofkanzler}}), but the two became merged. These were also the times when attempts were made to balance Imperial absolutism by the creation of [[Imperial Government]]s ({{lang|de|Reichsregiment}}), ultimately a failure.

=== Habsburg Monarchy ===
Nevertheless, when Maximilian's grandson [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] succeeded him as [[Archduchy of Austria|Archduke of Austria]] in 1521, his elder brother [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]] (1519–1556) appointed [[Mercurino Gattinara]] as "Grand Chancellor of all the realms and kingdoms of the king" ({{lang|de|Großkanzler aller Länder und Königreiche}}). The separate position of an Austrian Court Chancellor appeared as a  {{lang|de|Österreichische Hofkanzlei}} around 1526, when the [[Habsburg monarchy]] arose with the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538)|Hungarian]] inheritance; it was however once again merged with the equivalent {{lang|de|Reichshofkanzlei}} office of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1559.

Upon the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] and the suppression of the Bohemian revolt, Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] had separate Court Chancelleries established in order to strengthen the unity of the Habsburg hereditary lands. Beside a Bohemian and Hungarian chancellery, he created the office of an Austrian chancellor in [[Vienna]], responsible for the Archduchy of Austria proper (i.e. [[Upper Austria|Upper]] and [[Lower Austria]]) with the [[Inner Austria]]n territories and [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]]. Under Emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]] (1658–1705) the term again became {{lang|de|Hofkanzler}} with [[Johann Paul Freiherr von Hocher]] (1667–1683), and [[Theodor von Strattman]] (1683–1693).<ref name=cmh1911xiii>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070596782 |title=Cambridge Modern History vol xiii 1911 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1902 |publisher=Forgotten Books |access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Wien - Bundeskanzleramt1.JPG|thumb|left|Federal Chancellery on Ballhausplatz, former {{lang|de|Geheime Hofkanzlei}}]]
The eighteenth century was dominated by Prince [[Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg|Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg]] (1753–1792), who was Chancellor to four Habsburg emperors from [[Maria Theresa]] to [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], with the titles of both {{lang|de|Hofkanzler}} and {{lang|de|[[Staatskanzler]]}}. He was succeeded by [[Philipp von Cobenzl|Johann Philipp von Cobenzl]] (1792–1793), who was dismissed by Emperor Francis II over the [[Partition of Poland]] and was succeeded by [[Johann Amadeus von Thugut]] (1793–1800). Thugut's chancellorship did not survive the Austrian defeats by the French at the battles of [[Battle of Marengo|Marengo]] and [[Battle of Hohenlinden|Hohenlinden]] in 1800 and he was replaced by [[Count Ludwig von Cobenzl]] (1800–1805), his predecessor's cousin, but who in turn was dismissed following the Austrian defeat at [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] in 1805.

=== Austrian Empire ===
With the consequent dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and founding of the [[Austrian Empire]], Francis II abdicated the former Imperial Throne, but remained Emperor Francis I of Austria in 1806. He had replaced Cobenzl with [[Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen]] (1805–1809) the previous year, but his career was in turn cut short in 1809 following yet another Austrian defeat by [[Napoleon]] at the [[Battle of Wagram]] and subsequent humiliation at the [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]]. Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]] was appointed by Francis I to the positions of {{lang|de|Hofkanzler}} and {{lang|de|Staatskanzler}} (1821–1848). However, there is some opinion that the Chancellor title was not used between Prince Kaunitz-Rietberg's resignation in 1792 and 1821.<ref>[http://www.kaisergruft.at/kaisergruft/metternich.htm Kaisergruft: Metternich] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115013942/http://www.kaisergruft.at/kaisergruft/metternich.htm |date=15 January 2012 }}</ref> 
As the [[Concert of Europe|Metternich system]] had become a synonym for his reactionary politics, the title of a State Chancellor was abolished upon the [[revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|1848 revolutions]]. The position became that of a [[List of Ministers-President of Austria|Minister-President of Austria]], equivalent to Prime Minister, with the exception of [[Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust]] (1867–1871)<ref name=cmh1911xiii/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austria-lexikon.at/ebook/wbin/ambrosius.html#thumbview=2p&book=Lexika/Oesterreich_Lexikon_Band1&pageid=00000168&layer=default1&pagenum=170 |title=Austria Forum Web Books Viewer |access-date=23 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180614/http://www.austria-lexikon.at/ebook/wbin/ambrosius.html#thumbview=2p&book=Lexika/Oesterreich_Lexikon_Band1&pageid=00000168&layer=default1&pagenum=170 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
the title only re-emerging at the birth of [[Republic of German Austria|German Austria]] after [[World War I]] in 1918, when [[Karl Renner]] was appointed {{lang|de|Staatskanzler}}. With the enactment of the [[Constitution of Austria]] on 10 November 1920, the actual term {{lang|de|Bundeskanzler}} was implemented as head of the executive branch of the [[First Republic of Austria|First Austrian Republic]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}