Editing Central bank (section)

==Naming==

There is no universal terminology for the name of a central bank. Early central banks were often the only or principal formal financial institution in their jurisdiction, and were consequently often named "bank of" the relevant city's or country's name, e.g. the [[Bank of Amsterdam]], [[Bank of Hamburg]], [[Bank of England]], or [[Wiener Stadtbank]]. Naming practices subsequently evolved as more central banks were established. The expression "central bank" itself only appeared in the early 19th century, but at that time it referred to the head office of a multi-[[Branch (banking)|branched]] bank, and was still used in that sense by [[Walter Bagehot]] in his seminal 1873 essay ''[[Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market|Lombard Street]]''.<ref name=Ugolini>{{citation |author=Stefano Ugolini |title=The Evolution of Central Banking: Theory and History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |year=2017}}</ref>{{rp|9}} During that era, what is now known as a central bank was often referred to as a [[bank of issue]] ({{langx|fr|institut d'émission}}, {{langx|de|Notenbank}}). The reference to central banking in the current sense only became widespread in the early 20th century.

Names of individual central banks include, with references to the date when the bank acquired its current name: 
* "Bank of [Country]": e.g. [[First Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] (1791), [[Bank of France]] (1800), [[Bank of Java]] (1828), [[Bank of Japan]] (1882), [[Bank of Italy]] (1893), [[Bank of China]] (1912), [[Bank of Mexico]] (1925), [[Bank of Canada]] (1934), [[Bank of Korea]] (1950). The [[Bank of England]] has kept its original name of 1694, even though the [[Act of Union 1707]] and [[Acts of Union 1800]] expanded its remit to the broader [[United Kingdom]].
* "National Bank": e.g. [[National Bank of Belgium]] (1850), [[Bulgarian National Bank]] (1879), [[Swiss National Bank]] (1907), [[National Bank of Poland]] (1945), [[National Bank of Ukraine]] (1991). 
* "State Bank": e.g. [[State Bank of the Russian Empire]] (1860), [[State Bank of Pakistan]] (1948), [[State Bank of Vietnam]] (1951); also former central banks of Communist countries, e.g. the [[Gosbank|State Bank of the USSR]] (or Gosbank, 1922) or the [[State Bank of Czechoslovakia]] (1950). "People's Bank", also associated with Communism, is used by the [[People's Bank of China]]. 
* "Reserve Bank": in the U.S. [[Federal Reserve]] (1913) and thereafter British colonies or [[dominion]]s, e.g. [[South African Reserve Bank]] (1921), [[Reserve Bank of New Zealand]] (1934), [[Reserve Bank of India]] (1935), [[Reserve Bank of Australia]] (1960), [[Reserve Bank of Fiji]] (1984)
* "Central Bank": e.g. [[Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)|Central Bank of China]] (1924), [[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]] (1930), [[Central Bank of Argentina]] (1935), [[Central Bank of Ireland]] (1943), [[Central Bank of Sri Lanka]] (1950) [[Central Bank of Paraguay]] (1952), [[Central Bank of Brazil]] (1964), [[Central Bank of Russia]] (1990), [[European Central Bank]] (1998). 
* "Monetary Authority", e.g. [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] (1971), [[Maldives Monetary Authority]] (1981), [[Hong Kong Monetary Authority]] (1993), [[Cayman Islands Monetary Authority]] (1997). The [[Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority]] (est. 1952) was renamed the [[Saudi Central Bank]] in 2020 but still uses the acronym SAMA.

In some cases, the local-language name is used in English-language practice, e.g. [[Sveriges Riksbank]] (est. 1668, current name in use since 1866), [[De Nederlandsche Bank]] (est. 1814), {{lang|de|[[Deutsche Bundesbank]]|italic=no}} (est. 1957), or [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] (est. 1993).

Some commercial banks have names suggestive of central banks, even if they are not: examples are the [[State Bank of India]] and [[Central Bank of India]], [[National Bank of Greece]], [[Banco do Brasil]], [[National Bank of Pakistan]], [[Bank of China]], [[Bank of Cyprus]], or [[Bank of Ireland]], as well as [[Deutsche Bank]]. Some but not all of these institutions had assumed central banking roles in the past.

The leading executive of a central bank is usually known as the [[Governor]], [[President (corporate title)|President]], or [[Chairperson|Chair]].