Editing Catalan language (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Catalan}}

=== Middle Ages ===
{{Further|Old Catalan|Phonological history of Catalan}}

By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from [[Vulgar Latin]] on both sides of the eastern end of the [[Pyrenees]], as well as the territories of the Roman province of [[Hispania Tarraconensis]] to the south.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the [[Muslims]], bringing their language with them.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the [[County of Barcelona]] from the [[Carolingian Empire]] in 988.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}}

In the 11th century, documents written in [[macaronic language|macaronic Latin]] begin to show Catalan elements,{{sfn|Moran|2004|pp=37–38}} with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080.{{sfn|Moran|2004|pp=37–38}} Old Catalan shared many features with [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]], diverging from [[Old Occitan]] between the 11th and 14th centuries.{{sfn|Riquer|1964}}

During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded southward to the [[Ebro river]],{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} and in the 13th century they conquered the lands that would become the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] and the [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]].{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} The city of [[Alghero]] in [[Sardinia]] was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached [[Murcia]], which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}}

In the [[Low Middle Ages]], Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath [[Ramon Llull]] (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in [[Ausiàs March]] (1397–1459).{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} By the 15th century, the city of [[Valencia]] had become the sociocultural center of the [[Crown of Aragon]], and Catalan was present all over the [[Mediterranean]] world.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}} During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}}

[[Joanot Martorell|Martorell]]'s novel of chivalry ''[[Tirant lo Blanc]]'' (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in [[Bernat Metge|Metge]]'s work.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} The first book produced with movable type in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] was printed in Catalan.<ref>''Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria'' ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary") 1474.</ref>{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}}

<div class="center"><gallery>
File:Homilies d'Organya.jpg|''[[Homilies d'Organyà]]'' (12th century).
File:Greuges de Guitard Isarn.jpg|Fragment of the ''[[Greuges de Guitard Isarn]]'' ({{Circa|1080}}–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan,{{sfn|Veny|1997|pp=9–18}}{{sfn|Moran|2004|pp=37–38}} predating the famous ''[[Homilies d'Organyà]]'' by a century.
</gallery></div>

[[File:Map of the Crown of Aragon.svg|thumb|upright=1|center|Diachronic map of the Crown of Aragon. King [[James I of Aragon|James the Conqueror]] [1208–1276] dictated his autobiographical chronicles entirely in Catalan. Some of this territory nowadays makes up the ''[[Catalan Countries]]''.]]

=== Start of the modern era ===
{{See also|Nation state}}

==== Spain ====
[[File:Mapa político de España, 1850.jpg|thumb|School map of Spain from 1850 regarding the administrative structure. On it, the State is shown divided into four parts:- "Fully constitutional Spain", which includes Castile and Andalusia, but also the Galician-speaking territories. - "Annexed or assimilated Spain": the territories of the Crown of Aragon, the larger part of which, with the exception of Aragon proper, are Catalan-speaking-, "Foral Spain", which includes Basque-speaking territories-, and "Colonial Spain", with the last overseas colonial territories.]]

With the union of the crowns of [[Crown of Castille|Castille]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] in 1479, the Spanish kings ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and they had to swear by the [[laws]] of each territory before the respective [[parliament]]s. But after the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], Spain became an [[absolute monarchy]] under [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], which led to the assimilation of the [[Crown of Aragon]] by the [[Crown of Castile]] through the [[Nueva Planta decrees]], as a first step in the creation of the Spanish [[Nation state|nation-state]]; as in other contemporary European states, this meant the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant groups.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sales Vives |first=Pere |title=L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808–1932 |date=22 September 2020 |publisher=El Gall editor |isbn=9788416416707 |pages=422 |language=ca}}</ref><ref>Antoni Simon, [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605094401/https://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/34591 |date=5 June 2022 }}, páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València</ref> Since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards national minorities have been a constant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayans Balcells |first=Pere |title=Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-947201-4-7 |edition=del 1979 |pages=230 |publisher=Edicions del 1979 |language=ca}}</ref><ref name="Recopilació d'accions genocides con">{{cite book |last=Lluís |first=García Sevilla |title=Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana |publisher=Base |year=2021 |isbn=9788418434983 |pages=300 |language=ca}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |last=Bea Seguí |first=Ignaci |title=En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana |publisher=Cossetània |year=2013 |isbn=9788490341339 |pages=216 |language=ca}}</ref><ref name="galeusca2">{{cite web |title=Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català. |url=http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788 |archive-date=19 July 2008 |access-date=2 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radatz |first=Hans-Ingo |date=8 October 2020 |title=Spain in the 19th century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia's attempt at becoming an Iberian Prussia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344608600 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref>{{POV statement|date=October 2023|reason=One of the sources is titled "Recopilation of genocidal actions against the Catalan language". Seriously? Most of these sources are Catalan, foreign authors should be cited for controversial statements like these.}}

The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed".<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada2">{{cite book |last=de la Cierva |first=Ricardo |title=Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones |date=1981 |publisher=Planeta |isbn=8485753003 |pages=78 |language=ca}}</ref> From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish".<ref name="Historia general de España: Llegada2" /> The use of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] gradually became more prestigious{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}} and marked the start of the decline of Catalan.{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|pp=6–7|2009}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pp=190–191}} Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature came under the influence of Spanish, and the nobles, part of the urban and literary classes became [[bilingualism|bilingual]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=190}}
{{clear}}

==== France ====
{{See also|Language policy in France|Vergonha|Patuet}}

{{Multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Interdiction officielle de la langue catalana 2 avril 1700.jpg
| width1 = 140
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = SpeakFrenchBeClean.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: Official decree prohibiting the Catalan language in France. Right: "Speak French, be clean", school wall in [[Ayguatébia-Talau]] ([[Northern Catalonia]]), 2010
}}

With the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] (1659), [[Spain]] ceded the [[Northern Catalonia|northern part of Catalonia]] to [[France]], and soon thereafter the [[Northern Catalan|local Catalan varieties]] came under the influence of [[French language|French]], which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf |title=''L'interdiction de la langue catalane en Roussillon par Louis XIV'' |publisher="CRDP, Académie de Montpellier |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214055235/http://crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010}}</ref>

Shortly after the [[French Revolution]] (1789), the [[French First Republic]] prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the regional languages of France, such as Catalan, [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]], [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]], and [[Basque language|Basque]].

=== France: 19th to 20th century ===
After the French colony of [[French Algeria|Algeria]] was established in 1830, many Catalan-speaking settlers moved there. People from the Spanish [[province of Alicante]] settled around [[Oran]], while those from [[Northern Catalonia|French Catalonia]] and [[Menorca]] migrated to [[Algiers]].

By 1911, there were around 100,000 speakers of ''[[Patuet]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Àngela-Rosa Menages, Joan-Lluís Monjo |title=El patuet valencià, un reflex lingüístic de la societat algeriana colonial (1830–1962) |url=https://www.upf.edu/diversia/_pdf/El_patuet_valencia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054920/http://www.upf.edu/diversia/_pdf/El_patuet_valencia.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>  as their speech was called.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plataforma per la llengua |title=The Catalan Language |url=https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/the-catalan-language-en_294_11_2446.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307203232/https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/the-catalan-language-en_294_11_2446.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the Algerian declaration of independence in 1962, almost all the ''[[Pied-Noir]]'' Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marfany |first1=Marta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGWMzJuXN8C |title=Els menorquins d'Algèria |last2=Simó |first2=Marta Marfany |date=2002 |publisher=L'Abadia de Montserrat |isbn=978-84-8415-366-5 |language=ca |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415045602/https://books.google.com/books?id=dWGWMzJuXN8C |url-status=live}}</ref> or Alicante.{{sfn|Marfany|2002}}

The French government only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the then [[General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales]] officially recognized Catalan as one of the départment's languages<ref name="Charte en faveur du Catalan">{{cite web |url=http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm |title=''Charte en faveur du Catalan'' |access-date=18 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222154353/http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm |archive-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead}} {{cite web |url=http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm |title=''La catalanitat a la Catalunya Nord'' |access-date=13 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309142734/http://www.cg66.fr/199-la-catalanitat-a-catalunya-nord.htm |archive-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

=== Spain: 18th to 20th century ===
{{See also|Nueva Planta decrees|Language politics in Spain under Franco|Anti-Catalanism}}

In 1807, the Statistics Office of the French Ministry of the Interior asked the [[Prefect (France)|prefects]] for an official survey on the limits of the [[French language]]. The survey found that in [[Roussillon]], almost only Catalan was spoken, and since Napoleon wanted to incorporate Catalonia into France, as happened in 1812, the [[consul]] in [[Barcelona]] was also asked. He declared that Catalan "is taught in schools, it is printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it was spoken everywhere "with the exception of the royal courts". He also indicated that Catalan was spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall d "Aran and Cerdaña".<ref>{{cite book |last=Merle |date=5 January 2010 |publisher=Editorial Trabucaire |isbn=978-2849741078 |language=French |location=Perpinyà |first=René |pages=223 |title=Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807–1812}}</ref>

The defeat of the pro-Habsburg coalition in the [[War of Spanish Succession]] (1714) initiated a series of [[Nueva planta decrees|laws]] which, among other centralizing measures, imposed the use of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in legal documentation all over Spain. Because of this, use of the Catalan language declined into the 18th century.

However, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival ({{lang|ca|[[Renaixença]]}}), which has continued up to the present day.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} This period starts with [[Bonaventura Carles Aribau|Aribau]]'s ''Ode to the Homeland'' (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of [[Jacint Verdaguer|Verdaguer]] (poetry), [[Narcís Oller|Oller]] (realist novel), and [[Àngel Guimerà|Guimerà]] (drama).{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=10–11}} In the 19th century, the region of [[Carche]], in the [[province of Murcia]] was repopulated with Valencian speakers.{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=1}} Catalan spelling was standardized in 1913 and the language became official during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939). The Second Spanish Republic saw a brief period of tolerance, with most restrictions against Catalan lifted.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} The [[Generalitat]] (the autonomous government of Catalonia, established during the Republic in 1931) made a normal use of Catalan in its administration and put efforts to promote it at the social level, including in schools and the [[University of Barcelona]].

The Catalan language and culture were still vibrant during the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939), but were crushed at an unprecedented level throughout the subsequent decades due to [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] (1939–1975), which abolished the official status of Catalan and imposed the use of Spanish in schools and in public administration in all of [[Spain]], while banning the use of Catalan in them.<ref name="Guardian1">{{Cite news |last=Burgen |first=Stephen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan-language-survived |title=Catalan: a language that has survived against the odds |date=22 November 2012 |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 January 2017 |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224061600/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan-language-survived |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|pp=190–191}} Between 1939 and 1943 newspapers and book printing in Catalan almost disappeared.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manent |first1=Albert |last2=Crexell |first2=Joan |title=Bibliografia catalana dels anys més difícils (1939–1943) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l39t7WmeBG0C&pg=PA14 |date=1988 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, S.A |location=Barcelona |isbn=8472029379 |page=14 |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131130959/https://books.google.com/books?id=l39t7WmeBG0C&pg=PA14 |url-status=live}}</ref> Francisco Franco's desire for a homogeneous Spanish population resonated with some Catalans in favor of his regime, primarily members of the upper class, who began to reject the use of Catalan. Despite all of these hardships, Catalan continued to be used privately within households, and it was able to survive Franco's dictatorship. At the end of [[World War II]], however, some of the harsh measures began to be lifted and, while Spanish language remained the sole promoted one, limited number of Catalan literature began to be tolerated. Several prominent Catalan authors resisted the suppression through literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=CORNELLÀ-DETRELL |first=JORDI |jstor=10.7722/j.cttn346z |title=Literature as a Response to Cultural and Political Repression in Franco's Catalonia |date=2011 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-85566-201-8}}</ref> Private initiative contests were created to reward works in Catalan, among them ''Joan Martorell'' prize (1947), ''Víctor Català'' prize (1953) ''Carles Riba'' award (1950), or the [[Premi d'Honor de les Lletres Catalanes|Honor Award of Catalan Letters]] (1969).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Una polèmica literària sota el franquisme |url=https://palavracomum.com/cas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez/ |website=Palavracomum |date=20 July 2015 |language=ca-ES |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817040501/https://palavracomum.com/cas-obert-una-polemica-literaria-sota-el-franquisme-ii-por-xesus-gonzalez-gomez/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first Catalan-language TV show was broadcast in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primera emisión de un programa en catalán |url=https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180730/historia-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala/1772240.shtml |website=RTVE |date=30 July 2018 |language=es-ES |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525000521/https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180730/historia-tve-primera-emissio-dun-programa-catala/1772240.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, oppression of the Catalan language and identity was carried out in schools, through governmental bodies, and in religious centers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casademont |first=Enric Pujol |date=2020 |title=Culture, language and politics. The Catalan cultural resistance during the Franco regime (1939–1977) |url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000292/00000098.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000292/00000098.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |journal=Catalan Historical Review |volume=13 |pages=69–84}}</ref>

In addition to the loss of prestige for Catalan and its prohibition in schools, migration during the 1950s into [[Francoist Catalonia|Catalonia]] from other parts of Spain also contributed to the diminished use of the language. These migrants were often unaware of the existence of Catalan, and thus felt no need to learn or use it. [[Catalonia]] was the economic powerhouse of Spain, so these migrations continued to occur from all corners of the country. Employment opportunities were reduced for those who were not [[Multilingualism|bilingual]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendon |first=Sílvio |date=2007 |title=The Catalan premium: language and employment in Catalonia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773 |journal=Journal of Population Economics |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=669–686 |doi=10.1007/s00148-005-0048-5 |jstor=20730773 |hdl=10016/291 |s2cid=29009762 |issn=0933-1433 |hdl-access=free |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204184857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20730773 |url-status=live}}</ref> Daily newspapers remained exclusively in Spanish until after Franco's death, when the first one in Catalan since the end of the Civil War, [[Avui]], began to be published in 1976.<ref>{{cite book |author=Katrin Voltmer |title=Mass Media and Political Communication in New Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Snx9MYO1T7UC&pg=PA19 |year=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-33779-3 |page=19 |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205220526/https://books.google.com/books?id=Snx9MYO1T7UC&pg=PA19 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Present day ===
Since the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} In [[Catalonia]], there is an unparalleled large [[bilingualism|bilingual]] European [[Stateless nation|non-state]] linguistic community.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools,{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations—if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or more recently arrived immigrant students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Armora |first=Esther |url=http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html |title=Cataluña ordena incumplir las sentencias sobre el castellano en las escuelas |date=9 September 2013 |work=ABC |access-date=10 September 2013 |language=es |trans-title=Catalonia orders violate the judgments on the Castilian in schools |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911073217/http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}

More recently, several Spanish political forces have tried to increase the use of Spanish in the Catalan educational system.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=3 November 2017 |title=Is Catalonia Using Schools as a Political Weapon? |language=en-US |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/is-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon/544898/ |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103153605/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/is-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon/544898/ |archive-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> As a result, in May 2022 the Spanish Supreme Court urged the Catalan regional government to enforce a measure by which 25% of all lessons must be taught in Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html |title=You are here: ANSAmed. Catalonia: Supreme Court, 25% of lessons must be in Spanish |date=21 January 2022 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124224/https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the [[Statistical Institute of Catalonia]], in 2013 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after [[Spanish language|Spanish]], as a native or self-defining language: 7% of the population self-identifies with both Catalan and Spanish equally, 36.4% with Catalan and 47.5% only Spanish.<ref name="idescat.cat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=da01&dt=2008&lang=en |title=Idescat. Annual indicators. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. Results |website=Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072106/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=da01&dt=2008&lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003 the same studies concluded no language preference for self-identification within the population above 15 years old: 5% self-identified with both languages, 44.3% with Catalan and 47.5% with Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=DA01&lang=en&dt=200300&x=12&y=8 |title=Idescat. Demographics and quality of life. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. 2003. Results |website=Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya |language=en |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002849/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=DA01&lang=en&dt=200300&x=12&y=8 |url-status=live}}</ref> To promote use of Catalan, the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] (Catalonia's official Autonomous government) spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories, with entities such as {{ill|lt=''Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística''|Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística|ca||es|Consorcio para la normalización lingüística|vertical-align=sup}} (Consortium for Linguistic Normalization).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |title=2010 Language Policy Report |website=Generalitat de Catalunya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415001016/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cpnl.cat/ |title=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística |first=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística- |last=CPNL |website=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística – CPNL |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828073003/https://www.cpnl.cat/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Andorra]], Catalan has always been the sole official language.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} Since the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Andorra|1993 constitution]], several policies favoring Catalan have been enforced, such as Catalan medium education.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}

On the other hand, there are several [[language shift]] processes currently taking place. In the [[Northern Catalonia]] area of France, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004).{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} The cultural association {{lang|ca|[[La Bressola]]}} promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

In [[Alicante province]], Catalan is being replaced by [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and in [[Alghero]] by [[Italian language|Italian]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} There is also well ingrained [[diglossia]] in the [[Valencian Community]], [[Ibiza]], and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the [[Balearic islands]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}

During the 20th century many Catalans emigrated or went into exile to [[Venezuela]], [[Mexico]], [[Cuba]], [[Argentina]], and other South American countries. They formed a large number of Catalan colonies that today continue to maintain the Catalan language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip D. Rasico |title=La llengua dels mallorquins de San Pedro (Argentina) |url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000270/00000011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116201349/https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000270/00000011.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> They also founded many Catalan casals (associations).<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMUNITATS CATALANES A L'EXTERIOR – index |url=https://catalansalmon.com/comunitats_catalanes_exterior/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=catalansalmon.com |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103064445/https://catalansalmon.com/comunitats_catalanes_exterior/ |url-status=live}}</ref>