Editing Carl Orff (section)

===Early life===
Carl Heinrich Maria Orff was born in [[Munich]] on 10 July 1895, the son of Paula Orff (née Köstler, 1872–1960) and Heinrich Orff (1869–1949). His family was [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavarian]] and was active in the [[Imperial German Army]]; his father was an army officer with strong musical interests, and his mother was a trained pianist. His grandfathers, Carl von Orff (1828–1905) and Karl Köstler (1837–1924), were both major generals and also scholars.{{sfn|Rösch|2004|p=1397}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicandhistory.com/composers/8183|title=Music and History: Carl Orff|website=www.musicandhistory.com|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905061311/http://www.musicandhistory.com/composers/8183|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://badw.de/data/footer-navigation/personentreffer.html?tx_badwdb_badwperson%5Bper_id%5D=2261&tx_badwdb_badwperson%5BpartialType%5D=BADWPersonDetailsPartial&tx_badwdb_badwperson%5BmemberType%5D=&tx_badwdb_badwperson%5Baction%5D=show&tx_badwdb_badwpers|title=Personentreffer: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften|website=badw.de|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>  His paternal grandmother, Fanny Orff (née Kraft, 1833–1919), was Catholic of [[Jewish]] descent.{{sfn|Kater|1995|p=30}}{{sfn|Kohler|2015|p=82|postscript=. Fanny Orff's parents, Heinrich Kraft (1784–1866) and Barbara Kraft (née Neustädl, 1797–1872), were baptized Catholic, respectively on 3 December 1816 and 15 July 1817.}} His maternal grandmother was Maria Köstler (née Aschenbrenner, 1845–1906).{{sfn|Dangel-Hofmann|1999}} Orff had one sibling, his younger sister Maria ("Mia", 1898–1975),{{sfn|Rösch|2021a|p=11}} who married the architect [[Alwin Seifert]] (1890–1972) in 1924.{{sfn|Rathkolb|2021|p=103 n. 384}}

Despite his family's military background, Orff recalled in 1970: "In my father's house there was certainly more music making than drilling."<ref>{{harvnb|Seifert|1970|p=373}} (English translation from {{harvnb|Kohler|2015|p=37}}) Original language: "In meinem Vaterhaus ist sicher mehr musiziert als exerziert worden." For reprint, see {{harvnb|Henkel|Messmer|2021|p=45}}.</ref> At age five, he began to play piano, and later studied cello and organ.{{sfn|Rösch|2004|p=1397}} He composed a few songs and music for puppet plays.<ref name="Randel" /> He had two vignettes published in July 1905 in ''Das gute Kind'', the children's supplement to ''Die katholische Familie''.<ref>{{harvnb|Orff|1975–1983|pp=21–30, 35, 38, Vol. I}} For the vignettes, see ''Das gute Kind'', vol. 8, no. 10, 9 July 1905 (Augsburg: Schmid, 1905), pp. 76–77 and 79–80. They are reprinted with English translation in {{harvnb|Kohler|2015|pp=413–414}}.</ref> He began attending concerts in 1903 and heard his first opera ([[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Der fliegende Holländer|The Flying Dutchman]]'') in 1909. The formative concerts he attended included the world premiere of [[Gustav Mahler]]'s ''[[Das Lied von der Erde]]'' in 1911 and [[Richard Strauss]] conducting his opera ''[[Elektra (opera)|Elektra]]'' on 4 June 1914.{{sfn|Orff|1975–1983|pp=26, 38–39, Vol. I; p. 9, Vol. VII}}

In 1910–12, Orff wrote several dozen [[Lied]]er on texts by German poets, including the song set ''Frühlingslieder'' (Opus 1, text by [[Ludwig Uhland]]) and the song cycle ''Eliland: Ein Sang von Chiemsee'' (Opus 12, text by [[Karl Stieler]]). The poet whose work he most frequently used was [[Heinrich Heine]]; he also chose texts of [[Walther von der Vogelweide]], [[Princess Mathilde of Bavaria (1877–1906)]], [[Friedrich Hölderlin]], [[Ludwig August Frankl]], [[Hermann Lingg]], [[Rudolf Baumbach]], [[Richard Beer-Hofmann]], and [[Börries von Münchhausen]], among others. Orff's songs fell into the style of [[Richard Strauss]] and other German composers of the day, but with hints of what would become Orff's distinctive musical language. Some of his songs were published in 1912. These include ''Eliland'', with a dedication to Karl Köstler, who funded the publication.<ref>{{harvc|last=Edelmann|first=Bernd|year=2021|chapter=Carl Orff: Vokale Musik oder: Musica poetica|in1=Henkel|in2=Messmer|pages=191 (190–217)}}</ref>{{efn|1=All of these songs were published by Ernst Germann & Co. (Munich/Leipzig). In addition to [https://www.ozm.bayern.de/project/eliland/ ''Eliland''],  they include [https://www.ozm.bayern.de/project/maerchen/ "Märchen"] (as Opus 13, but in fact Opus 13, No. 3; text by {{ill|Max Haushofer Jr.|de}}), [https://www.ozm.bayern.de/project/herzen-sluezzelin/ "Des Herzen Slüzzelin"] (Opus 15; text by anonymous), [https://www.ozm.bayern.de/project/liebessorgen/ "Liebessorgen"] and [https://www.ozm.bayern.de/project/toskanische-volkslieder/ "Drei toskanische Volkslieder"] (in one publication, Opus 17 Nos. 1 and 2, respectively; text by [[Martin Greif (poet)|Martin Greif]] and [[Paul Heyse]], respectively), and [https://www.ozm.bayern.de/project/der-tod-und-die-liebe-1912/ "Der Tod und die Liebe"] (Opus 18, No. 1; text by [[Börries von Münchhausen|Münchhausen]]). Excepting "Der Tod und die Liebe", these songs may be heard on [https://www.schott-music.com/de/lieder-und-gesaenge-no93580.html ''Lieder und Gesänge''] recorded by [[WERGO]].}} In 1911–12, Orff wrote ''Zarathustra'' (Opus 14), a large work for [[baritone]] voice, three tenor-bass choruses, winds, percussion, harps, pianos, and organ, based on a passage from [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s philosophical novel ''[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra|Also sprach Zarathustra]]''.<ref name="Chronology">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Chronology |url=http://www.orff-zentrum.de/carl-orff/chronologie/ |work=Carl Orff Center |location=Munich |access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Grove|title=Orff, Carl |last=Fassone |first=Alberto |date=2001|id=42969|year=2001}}</ref>

Orff studied at the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater München|Munich Academy of Music]] from 1912 until 1914.<ref name="Chronology" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Moser |author-link=Hans Joachim Moser |encyclopedia=Musiklexikon |edition=2nd |date=1943 |url=https://archive.org/details/MoserMusiklexikon2tea1943/page/n639 |first=Hans Joachim |publisher=Max Hesses Verlag |location=Berlin |title=Orff, Carl |pages=650–651}}</ref> Orff later wrote that his decision to pursue music studies instead of completing Gymnasium was the source of family strife, as the Orff patriarch (his father's older brother, also named Karl Orff, 1863–1942{{sfn|Drobnitsch|1989|page=81}}) was against the idea. Orff had the support of his mother, who persuaded his father, and of his grandfather Köstler.{{sfn|Orff|1975–1983|page=40, Vol. I}} Orff's teacher at the Akademie was the composer [[Anton Beer-Walbrunn]], of whom he later wrote with respect but said that he found the academy overall to be "conservative and old-fashioned" (''konservativ und altväterlich'').{{sfn|Orff|1975–1983|page=44, Vol. I}} At this time, he studied the works of [[Arnold Schoenberg]], and one of his most important influences at this time was the French composer [[Claude Debussy]].{{sfn|Rösch|2004|page=1398}} These influences can be heard in his first stage work, the music drama ''Gisei: Das Opfer'' (''Gisei: The Sacrifice'', Opus 20), written in 1913 but not performed until 2010. Orff's source material is a German translation of part of ''[[Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami]]'', specifically "Terakoya" ("The Village School") in Act IV. In 1914 Orff wrote ''Tanzende Faune: Ein Orchesterspiel'' (Opus 21). The work was to be performed at the Akademie&nbsp;– his first performance by an orchestra&nbsp;– but conductor {{ill|Eberhard Schwickerath|de}} removed it from the program following an unsuccessful rehearsal;{{sfn|Orff|1975–1983|pp=48–49, Vol. I}} it was first performed in 1995. In 1915, he began studying piano with [[Hermann Zilcher]]. Writing to his father, he called the studies with Zilcher his most productive teacher relationship to date.{{sfn|Rösch|2009|pp=16-17}} Around this time he also came to know theater director [[Otto Falckenberg]], and saw plays by [[August Strindberg]] and [[Frank Wedekind]].{{sfn|Orff|1975–1983|pp=60–61, Vol. 1}}