Editing Carl Jung (section)

===Early life===
====Childhood====
[[File:Dozwilerstrasse 3 in Kesswil TG (2025).jpg|thumb|left|Birthplace in Kesswil TG]]
Carl Gustav Jung{{refn|group=lower-alpha|As a university student Jung changed the modernized spelling of Karl to the original family form of Carl. {{cite book|last=Bair|first=Deirdre|author-link=Deirdre Bair|title=Jung: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Back Bay Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-316-15938-8|pages=7, 53}}}} was born 26 July 1875 in [[Kesswil]], in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss canton]] of [[Thurgau]], as the first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung (1842–1896) and Emilie Preiswerk (1848–1923).<ref name='birth_whoami'>{{cite journal|last=Schellinski|first=Kristina|date=2014|title=Who am I?|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|volume=59|issue=2|pages=189–210|doi=10.1111/1468-5922.12069|pmid=24673274 |issn = 0021-8774}}</ref> His birth was preceded by two stillbirths and that of a son named Paul, born in 1873, who survived only a few days.<ref name="Wehr">{{cite book|last=Wehr|first=Gerhard|title=Jung: a Biography|year=1987|publisher=Shambhala|location=Moshupa, Dorset|isbn=978-0-87773-455-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Brome|first=Vincent|title=Jung|date=1978|publisher=Atheneum|location=New York|page=28}}</ref>

Paul Jung, Carl's father, was the youngest son of a noted German-Swiss professor of medicine at [[Basel]], [[Karl Gustav Jung]] (1794–1864).<ref>Bair, pp. 8–13.</ref> Paul's hopes of achieving a fortune never materialised, and he did not progress beyond the status of an impoverished rural pastor in the [[Swiss Reformed Church]]. Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's mother, had also grown up in a large family whose Swiss roots went back five centuries. Emilie was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, [[Samuel Preiswerk]] (1799–1871), and his second wife. Samuel Preiswerk was an ''[[Antistes]]'', the title given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a [[Hebraist]], author, and editor, who taught Paul Jung as his professor of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] at [[Basel University]].<ref name="Wehr"/>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/17 17–19]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/17}}
[[File:Pfarrhaus Kleinhüningen.jpg|thumb|left|The clergy house in Kleinhüningen, Basel, where Jung grew up.]]
Jung's father was appointed to a more prosperous parish in [[Laufen-Uhwiesen|Laufen]] when Jung was six months old.  Tensions between father and mother had developed. Jung's mother was an eccentric and depressed woman; she spent considerable time in her bedroom, where she said spirits visited her at night.<ref name="Memories, Dreams, Reflections">{{Cite book|title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections|page=18}}</ref> Though she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He said that one night, he saw a faintly luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room, with a head detached from the neck and floating in the air in front of the body. Jung had a better relationship with his father.<ref name="Memories, Dreams, Reflections"/>

Jung's mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel for an unknown physical ailment. His father took Carl to be cared for by Emilie Jung's unmarried sister in Basel, but he was later brought back to his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence and depression deeply troubled her son and caused him to associate women with "innate unreliability", whereas "father" meant for him reliability, but also powerlessness.<ref>{{cite book|title=Carl Jung: Wounded Healer of the Soul: An Illustrated Biography|page=5|last=Dunne|first=Claire|publisher=Continuum|year=2002}}</ref> In his memoir, Jung would remark that this parental influence was the "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted men friends and been disappointed by them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed."<ref>''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'', p. 8.</ref> After three years living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer. In 1879, he was called to Kleinhüningen, next to Basel, where his family lived in a church parsonage.{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=233}} The relocation brought Emilie Jung closer to contact with her family and lifted her melancholy.<ref>Bair, p. 25.</ref> When he was 9, Jung's sister Johanna Gertrud (1884–1935) was born. Known in the family as "Trudi", she became a secretary to her brother.<ref name="Wehr"/>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/349 349]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/349}}

====Memories of childhood====
Jung was a solitary and introverted child. From childhood, he believed that, like his mother,<ref>{{cite web |last=Stepp |first=G |title=Carl Jung: Forever Jung |url=http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/biography-carl-jung/50365.aspx |work=Vision Journal |access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> he had two personalities—a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more suited to the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=33–34}}</ref> "Personality Number 1", as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in the era of the time. "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative, and influential man from the past. Though Jung was close to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's academic approach to faith.<ref>Wehr records that Paul's chosen career path was to achieve a doctorate in philology. He was an Arabist, but the family money ran out for his studies. Relief came from a family legacy; however, a condition of the will was that it should only be offered to a family member who intended to study theology and become a pastor. Paul Jung, therefore, had his career determined by a will, not his will. See p.20.</ref>
[[File:Jung piccolo.jpg|thumb|upright|Jung as a child, early 1880s]]
Some childhood memories made lifelong impressions on him. As a boy, he carved a tiny [[mannequin]] into the end of the wooden ruler from his pencil case and placed it inside it. He added a stone, which he had painted into upper and lower halves, and hid the case in the attic. Periodically, he would return to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language.<ref name="art-therapy">{{cite book |last=Malchiodi |first=Cathy A. |title=The Art Therapy Sourcebook |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vno0XgRuRhcC&pg=PA134 |isbn=978-0-07-146827-5 |year=2006 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional}}</ref> He later reflected that this ceremonial act brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. Years later, he discovered similarities between his personal experience and the practices associated with [[totem]]s in [[Indigenous cultures]], such as the collection of soul-stones near [[Arlesheim]] or the ''[[tjurunga]]s'' of Australia. He concluded that his intuitive ceremonial act was an unconscious ritual, which he had practiced in a way that was strikingly similar to those in distant locations which he, as a young boy, knew nothing about.<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |pages=22–23}}</ref> His observations about symbols, [[Jungian archetypes|archetypes]], and the [[collective unconscious]] were inspired, in part, by these early experiences combined with his later research.<ref>Wehr, G. p. 144</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Jung |title=Carl Jung {{!}} Biography, Theory, & Facts |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

At the age of 12, shortly before the end of his first year at the ''Humanistisches [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]]'' in Basel, Jung was pushed to the ground by another boy so hard he momentarily lost consciousness. (Jung later recognized the incident was indirectly his fault.) A thought then came to him—"Now you won't have to go to school anymore".<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |page=30}}</ref> From then on, whenever he walked to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained home for six months until he overheard his father speaking hurriedly to a visitor about the boy's future ability to support himself. They suspected he had [[epilepsy]]. Confronted with his family's poverty, he realized the need for academic excellence. He entered his father's study and began poring over [[Latin grammar]]. He fainted three more times but eventually overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a [[neurosis]] is".<ref>{{cite book |title=Memories, Dreams, Reflections |page=32}}</ref>

====University studies and early career====
[[File:11-11-24-basel-by-ralfr-035.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[University of Basel]], where Jung studied between 1895 and 1900]]
Initially, Jung had aspirations of becoming a Christian minister. His household had a strong moral sense, and several of his family were clergy. Jung had wanted to study archaeology, but his family could not afford to send him further than the University of Basel, which did not teach it. After studying philosophy in his teens, Jung decided against the path of religious traditionalism and decided to pursue psychiatry and medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Jung|title=Carl Jung {{!}} Biography, Theory, & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> His interest was captured—it combined the biological and spiritual, exactly what he was searching for.<ref name="jungbio1">{{Cite web|url=http://soultherapynow.com/articles/carl-jung.html|title=Carl Jung Biography|website=soultherapynow.com|access-date=7 March 2009|archive-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120004057/http://soultherapynow.com/articles/carl-jung.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1895 Jung began to study medicine at the University of Basel. Barely a year later, his father, Paul, died and left the family nearly destitute. They were helped by relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies.<ref>Wehr, G. p. 57.</ref> During his student days, he entertained his contemporaries with the family legend that his paternal grandfather was the illegitimate son of [[Goethe]] and his German great-grandmother, [[Sophie Ziegler]]. In later life, he pulled back from this tale, saying only that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wehr|first=Gerhard|title=Jung: A Biography|year=1987|publisher=Shambhala|location=Boston/Shaftesbury, Dorset|isbn=978-0-87773-455-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/jungbiography0000wehr/page/14}}</ref>

It was during this early period when Jung was an assistant at the Anatomical Institute at Basel University, that he took an interest in palaeoanthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of ''Homo erectus'' and Neanderthal fossils. These formative experiences contributed to his fascination with the evolutionary past of humanity and his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer in the psyche, represented by early fossil hominins, is still evident in the psychology of modern humans.<ref>[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781032624549-3/fossils-anthropology-hominin-brain-phylogeny-gary-clark?context=ubx&refId=d9df2e63-7963-4b7f-a154-5382d0b1e05f Clark. G. 2024. "Fossils, Anthropology and Hominin Brain Phylogeny". Chapter 2, pp. 38-40. In ''Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology'', Routledge], Routledge,</ref>

In 1900, Jung moved to Zurich and began working at the [[Burghölzli]] psychiatric hospital under [[Eugen Bleuler]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|pp=234, 259}} Bleuler was already in communication with the Austrian neurologist [[Sigmund Freud]]. Jung's [[dissertation]], published in 1903, was titled ''On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena''. It was based on the analysis of the supposed [[mediumship]] of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under the influence of Freud's contemporary [[Théodore Flournoy]].<ref>Stevens, Anthony (1994): ''Jung: A very short introduction'', Oxford University Press, Oxford & N.Y. {{ISBN|978-0-19-285458-2}}</ref> Jung studied with [[Pierre Janet]] in Paris in 1902<ref>Gay, p. 198</ref> and later equated his view of the [[Complex (psychology)|complex]] with Janet's {{Lang|fr|idée fixe subconsciente}}.<ref>Ellenberger, p. 149.</ref> In 1905, Jung was appointed as a permanent 'senior' doctor at the hospital and became a lecturer ''[[Privatdozent]]'' in the medical faculty of Zurich University.<ref>Wehr, pp. 79–85.</ref> In 1904, he published with [[Franz Riklin]] their ''Diagnostic Association Studies'', of which Freud obtained a copy.<ref>Jung, Carl Gustav and Riklin, Franz Beda: Diagnoistische Assoziationsstudien. I. Beitrag. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Assoziationen Gesunder (pp.55–83). 1904, Journ. Psych. Neurol., 3/1-2. – Hrsg. v. August Forel & Oskar Vogt. Red. v. Karl Brodmann. – Leipzig, Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1904, gr.-8°, pp.55–96. (in German)</ref><ref name=diagnostic>{{cite book|editor=McGuire, William|title=The Freud/Jung Letters|year=1979|publisher=Picador|pages=12–13|isbn=978-0-330-25891-3}}</ref> In 1909, Jung left the psychiatric hospital and began a private practice in his home in [[Küsnacht]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=259}}

Eventually, a close friendship and strong professional association developed between the elder [[#Relationship with Freud|Freud and Jung]], which left a sizeable [[Freud-Jung Letters|correspondence]]. In late summer 1909, the two sailed for the U.S., where Freud was the featured lecturer at the twentieth-anniversary celebration of the founding of [[Clark University]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]], the Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as well and received an honorary degree.<ref>Rosenzweig, Saul. The Historic Expedition to America (1909): Freud, Jung and Hall the King-Maker. N.p., DIANE Publishing Company, 2000.</ref>

It was during this trip that Jung first began separating psychologically from Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense communications around their individual dreams. It was during this visit that Jung was introduced to the elder philosopher and psychologist [[William James]], known as the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koelsch |first=William |date=1984-01-01 |title=Incredible day-dream: Freud and Jung at Clark, 1909 |url=https://commons.clarku.edu/clarkuhistory/2 |journal=Clark University History}}</ref> Jung connected with James around their mutual interests in [[mysticism]], [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualism]] and [[Psychical investigator|psychical]] [[Phenomenon|phenomena]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herrmann |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bZpzgEACAAJ |title=William James and C.G. Jung: Doorways to the Self |date=August 2021 |publisher=Analytical Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-7361945-9-1 |publication-date=2021 |language=en}}</ref> James wrote to a friend after the conference stating Jung "left a favorable impression," while "his views of Freud were mixed."<ref>Harris, MD, James C. Clark University Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry.'' 2010;67(3):218-219.</ref> James died about eleven months later.

The ideas of both Jung and James, on topics including hopelessness, self-surrender, and spiritual experiences, were influential in the development and founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] on June 10, 1935, in [[Akron, Ohio]], a quarter of a century after James' death and in Jung's sixtieth year.

For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, however, Jung published ''[[Psychology of the Unconscious]]'', which manifested the developing theoretical divergence between the two. Consequently, their personal and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other could not admit he could be wrong. After the culminating break in 1913, Jung went through a difficult and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War. [[Henri Ellenberger]] called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" and compared it favorably to Freud's own period of what he called [[neurasthenia]] and [[hysteria]].<ref name="hayman2001">{{cite book|last=Hayman|first=Ronald|title=A Life of Jung|year=2001|edition=1st American|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|location=New York|author-link=Ronald Hayman|isbn=978-0-393-01967-4|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofjung00haym}}</ref>{{rp|173}}