Editing Carillon (section)

==Characteristics==
===Construction===
[[File:Clavier du carillon.jpg|thumb|alt=A wooden keyboard of batons connected to a pedal board.|Console of the carillon at the {{ill|Church of the Sacred Heart of Cholet|fr|Église du Sacré-Cœur de Cholet}} in [[Maine-et-Loire]], France]]

The carillon is a [[keyboard instrument]]. Though it shares similarities with other instruments in this category, such as the [[organ (music)|organ]] or [[pedal piano]], its playing console is unique.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=85}} Playing is done with the hands on a [[manual (music)|manual]] keyboard composed of rounded, wooden batons. The manual has short [[chromatic scale|chromatic]] keys (i.e. "black keys") raised above the [[Diatonic scale|diatonic]] keys ("white keys") and arranged like a piano; however, they are spaced far apart, and the chromatic keys are raised above the rest, about {{convert|10|cm|in|0|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=85}} To operate, the keys are depressed with a closed fist.{{sfn|Gouwens|2017|p=3}} The lowest 1.5 to 2.5 [[octave]]s of the manual are connected to a [[pedal keyboard]] played with the feet. The connection is direct, meaning that when a pedal is pressed, its corresponding key on the manual is pulled down with it.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=85}} Since the mid-20th century, there have been two competing keyboard design standards for a carillon's console: the North American standard and the North European standard. They differ over several design elements, such as whether the outer pedals curve toward the center or the specific distance a key is depressed.{{sfnm|Courter et al.|2006|1p=3|Rombouts|2014|2pp=292–93}} In 2006, the World Carillon Federation developed the WCF Keyboard 2006,{{sfn|Courter et al.|2006|p=3}} which is a compromise between the two standards. The organization recommends that its keyboard standard be used as a guideline when constructing new carillons or renovating existing keyboards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carillon Keyboard Standards |publisher=World Carillon Federation |url=https://www.carillon.org/eng/dynamic_frame_eng.htm?https://www.carillon.org/eng/actueel/gdansk_3.htm |access-date=2021-04-27 |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427185924/https://www.carillon.org/eng/dynamic_frame_eng.htm?https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carillon.org%2Feng%2Factueel%2Fgdansk_3.htm }}</ref>

[[File:Vredesbeiaard aarschot.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Bells hanging from beams and attached to a system of wires.|View of the bells and transmission system of the 49-bell {{ill|Aarschot Peace Carillon|nl|Vredesbeiaard (Aarschot)}} in Belgium<ref>{{cite web |title=BEARSTPC |website=TowerBells.org |url=http://www.towerbells.org/data/BEARSTPC.HTM |access-date=2021-08-04 |archive-date=2021-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804223306/http://www.towerbells.org/data/BEARSTPC.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Each key is connected to a transmission system via a wire, usually made of stainless steel. When a particular key is depressed, it pulls on the wire which, after interacting with other wires and pulleys, causes a clapper to swing towards the inner wall of the key's corresponding [[bell]]. At rest, these clappers are about {{convert|2|to|4|cm|in|1|sp=us}} away from the bell wall.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=76}} Small bells are fitted with springs to pull their clappers back immediately after the stroke, so that the bell is not sounded more than once with each keystroke. This is not necessary for large bells, which have sufficiently heavy clappers.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=79}} Immediately above each key is a wire adjuster called a [[turnbuckle]]. These allow the performer to adjust the length of the wire, which often changes with temperature fluctuations.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=85}}

The carillon's cast bronze, cup-shaped bells are housed at the top of a tower in a structure typically made of steel or wooden beams. The arrangement of the bells depends on the space, height and construction of the tower, and the number and size of bells. When the heaviest bells are especially large, they are usually placed below the playing cabin to achieve a better tonal distribution.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|pp=86–87}} The bells themselves do not move during operation, only the clappers.{{sfnm|Rice|1914|1p=23|Lehr|2005|2p=10}} With some instruments, the heaviest bells may be outfitted with a mechanism enabling them to swing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Playing Mechanism |publisher=[[The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America]] |url=https://www.gcna.org/playing-mechanism |access-date=2021-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123212459/https://www.gcna.org/playing-mechanism}}</ref>

[[File:Interieur toren, begane grond, overzicht van het middenstuk van de achterzijde van het trommelspeelwerk - Brielle - 20533341 - RCE.jpg|thumb|alt=Large metal cylinder with pegs connected to gears.|Front of the 16th-century clockwork and playing drum in the {{ill|Catharijnekerk Brielle|nl|Grote of Sint-Catharijnekerk|lt=Catharijnekerk}} in [[Brielle]], Netherlands]]

===Mechanization with clock and playing drum===
Carillons may also feature an automatic mechanism by which simple tunes or the [[Westminster Quarters]] are played on the lower bells.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|pp=59–60}} The mechanism on European carillons is often a playing drum, which is a large metal cylinder connected to a clock mechanism.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|pp=87–88}} Metal pegs are screwed onto the outside of the drum. When the clock mechanism sets the drum in motion, the pegs catch onto levers, connected to hammers that rest just a short distance from the outside of the bell. The hammers are briefly raised, and then fall onto the bell as the peg continues to rotate away from the lever.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=88}} The pegs are arranged such that simple tunes can be programmed to play at specific quarter hours.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|pp=90–95}} In North America, automatic playing drum systems are not common; instead, carillons may have pneumatic systems which ring the instrument.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=98}}

===Sound===
{{Further|Bellfounding|Campanology}}

Carillons produce sound by striking stationary bells, categorizing them as [[percussion idiophone]]s in the [[Hornbostel–Sachs]] classification of musical instruments (111.242.222&nbsp;– sets of bells with internal strikers).<ref>{{cite web |author1-last=Von Hornbostel |author1-first=Erich |author1-link=Erich von Hornbostel |author2-last=Sachs |author2-first=Curt |author2-link=Curt Sachs |editor-last=Guizzi |editor-first=Febo |translator1-last=Baines |translator1-first=Anthony |translator1-link=Anthony Baines |translator2-last=Wachsmann |translator2-first=Klaus |translator2-link=Klaus Wachsmann |title=Classification of Musical Instruments |year=2018 |publisher=Fondazione Ugo e Olga Levi Onlus |page=11 |url=https://www.suonoeimmagine.unito.it/SAMIC/HS_REF_EN_v01_072018.pdf |access-date=2021-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028165738/https://www.suonoeimmagine.unito.it/SAMIC/HS_REF_EN_v01_072018.pdf}}</ref> Carillon bells are made of [[bell bronze]], a specialized copper–tin alloy used for its above-average rigidity and [[Acoustic resonance|resonance]].{{sfnm|Rombouts|2014|1p=45|Johnston|1986|2p=40}} A bell's profile (shape) and weight determine its note and the quality of its tone. Therefore, apart from changes in its profile, such as chipping or corrosion, a bell will never lose its original sound.{{sfn|Price|1983|p=210}} It produces a sound with [[overtone]]s, also known as partial tones, which are not necessarily harmonically related.{{sfn|Gouwens|2013|pp=72–73}} To produce a pleasing, harmonically related series of tones, the bell's profile must be carefully adjusted. [[Bellfounder]]s typically focus on five principal tones when [[Musical tuning|tuning]], most notably the [[minor third]] overtone called the tierce, which gives rise to the unique sound of carillons and has been the subject of further research, such as the [[Bell#Major third bell|major third bell]].{{sfn|Lehr|2005|pp=37–42, 50–51}} Since the casting process does not reliably produce perfectly tuned bells, they are cast slightly thicker and metal is shaved off with a [[lathe]].{{sfn|Lehr|2005|pp=37–40}} On older European carillons, bells were tuned with each other by using the [[meantone temperament]] tuning system. Modern carillons, particularly those in North America, are tuned to [[equal temperament]].{{sfn|Brink|2017}}

{{Listen
| header       = Carillon sound sample
| type         = music
| filename     = O Canada and God Save the King instrumental 1927.ogg
| title        = "O Canada" and "God Save the King"
| description  = The [[Peace Tower Carillon]] at the [[Parliament Hill|Canadian parliament]], playing in 1927
| filename2    = Fixed Pattern of Distant Stars by Tiffany Ng and Jen Wang.ogg
| title2       =  ''Fixed Pattern of Distant Stars''
| description2 = The [[Sather Tower|Class of 1928 Carillon]] at [[University of California, Berkeley]], playing in 2011
}}

The carillon has a [[dynamic range#Music|dynamic range]] similar to a piano, if not more versatile. Through variation of touch, performers can express many volumes. The larger the bell, the larger its dynamic range. Bigger bells will also sound naturally louder than smaller, higher-pitched bells.{{sfn|Brink|2017}}

Along with [[List of pipe organs#The largest pipe organs in the world|pipe organs]], carillons are among the world's heaviest musical instruments. Most carillons weigh (counting only the weight of the bells) between {{convert|4.5|and|15|MT|ST}}, with extremes ranging from very light {{convert|1|MT|ST}} instruments to the world's heaviest at over {{convert|91|MT|ST}}—the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Carillon of the [[Riverside Church]] in New York City, US.{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|p=310}} Its [[bourdon (bell)|bourdon]], or largest bell, is the largest tuned bell ever cast for a carillon. It sounds a full octave below most other bourdons.{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|p=221}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Carillon |website=Music at Riverside |publisher=[[Riverside Church]] |url=https://www.trcnyc.org/music/ |access-date=2021-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-date=2020-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203204255/https://www.trcnyc.org/music/}}</ref> The entire ensemble of fixed and swinging bells, clappers, and steel framework weighs more than {{convert|226|MT|ST}}.<ref>{{cite report |title=The Riverside Church |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |date=2000-05-16 |page=7 |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2037.pdf |access-date=2021-05-05 |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316010628/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2037.pdf}}</ref>

===Range===
A carillon's [[range (music)|range]] is determined by the number of bells it has. The number of bells usually depends on funds available for the creation of the instrument: more money allows more bells to be cast, especially the larger, more costly ones. It is generally accepted that a carillon must have a minimum of 23 bells, or else it is called a [[chime (bell instrument)|chime]].{{sfnm|Rice|1914|1p=23|Rombouts|2014|2p=310|Brink|2017|3p=|"Organization." World Carillon Federation||4p=|"Carillon." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''|5p=}} There is no standard pitch range for the carillon,{{sfn|Brink|2017}} so several subcategories are used to categorize them:

* Carillons with 23 to 27 bells and 35 to 39 bells are classified as two-octave and three-octave carillons, respectively. Players of these instruments often use music written specifically for the limited ranges.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Musical Instrument |publisher=[[The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America]] |url=https://www.gcna.org/carillon-instrument |access-date=2021-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123212451/https://www.gcna.org/carillon-instrument}}</ref>
* A "concert" or "standard" carillon typically has 45 to 50 bells, or a range of about four octaves.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=60}}
* Carillons with more than 50 bells are often referred to as "great" or "grand" carillons.<ref>For example:
* {{cite magazine |last=Rodriguez |first=Susan T. |title=Metz Bicentennial Grand Carillon, Indiana University |magazine=[[Architect Magazine]] |date=2020-10-09 |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/metz-bicentennial-grand-carillon-indiana-university_o |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119023909/https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/metz-bicentennial-grand-carillon-indiana-university_o |url-status=live |ref=none }}
* {{cite press release |last=LaRocca |first=Aaron |title=Netherlands Carillon to be Restored and Elevated to 'Grand Carillon' Status |date=2019-10-21 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/gwmp/learn/news/netherlands-carillon-to-be-restored-and-elevated-to-grand-carillon-status.htm |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613192848/https://www.nps.gov/gwmp/learn/news/netherlands-carillon-to-be-restored-and-elevated-to-grand-carillon-status.htm |url-status=live |ref=none }}
* {{cite web |title=Millennium Carillon in Moser Tower & Visitor Center |publisher=Naperville Park District |url=https://www.napervilleparks.org/facilities/millenniumcarillon |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2021-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517125213/https://www.napervilleparks.org/facilities/millenniumcarillon |url-status=live |ref=none }}
* {{cite news |last=Harhen |first=Nora |title=Wait, the Campanile's Bells Aren't Automated? |work=[[The Daily Californian]] |date=2014-11-17 |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2014/11/07/wait-campaniles-bells-arent-automated/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |archive-date=2021-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517125213/https://www.dailycal.org/2014/11/07/wait-campaniles-bells-arent-automated/ |url-status=live |ref=none }}</ref>
* Carillons of 15 to 22 bells which were built before 1940 may be classified as "historical carillons" by the World Carillon Federation.{{sfn|"Organization." World Carillon Federation}}

<!--Keep these images paired as the second image caption references the first-->
[[File:Forty-Nine-Bell Carillon with B-flat in Bass Staff Notation.png|thumb|The range of a 49-bell carillon with a missing C{{music|sharp}} bell and additional B{{music|flat}} bell in the bass{{sfn|Brink|2017}}<ref name="Chesman quote">{{harvnb|Chesman|2015|p=3|ps=: "In general, the lowest C on the pedal would be [[tenor C]], that is, the second space on the [[bass clef]]."}}</ref>]]
[[File:Forty-Nine-Bell Carillon with B-flat in Bass Piano Keyboard.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|The same range as the above image represented on a piano keyboard (with [[Middle C]] marked in yellow)<ref name="Chesman quote"/>]]

The title of "world's largest carillon by number of bells" is shared between two instruments: the carillon of the [[Kirk in the Hills]] Presbyterian Church in [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]], US, and the carillon at the {{Interlanguage link|Daejeon Institute of Science and Technology|ko|대전과학기술대학교}} in [[Daejeon]], South Korea; both have 77 bells.{{sfn|Slater|2003|p=19|ps=: "The Kirk-in-the-Hills 77-bell carillon is famous as the carillon with the world's largest number of bells (bourdon 12,860 pounds [5,833&nbsp;kg], note G)."}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Carillon |website=Music Ministry |publisher=[[Kirk in the Hills]] |url=https://kirkinthehills.org/worship/music/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207165922/https://kirkinthehills.org/worship/music/}}</ref>

Since a carillon is seldom played in concert with other instruments, its bourdon may be any [[pitch (music)|pitch]]—whichever is advantageous for the location and funds available;{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=59}} to simplify the writing and playing of music, keyboards often have a [[C (music)|C]]-compass. As a result, many carillons are [[transposing instrument]]s, especially those that are small, have many bells, or were constructed on limited funds.{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=59}} The transposition can be anywhere from down a [[perfect fourth]] to up an octave.{{sfn|Brink|2017}} In North America, an increasing number of new carillons have been installed in concert pitch as a result of the desire to establish the carillon as a full-fledged concert instrument.{{sfn|Rombouts|2014|p=310}}

Many carillons, according to a C-compass, are missing the lowest [[C-sharp (musical note)|C{{music|sharp}}]] and [[E-flat (musical note)|E{{music|flat}}]] bells (equating to the second- and fourth-largest bells if they were included). The reason is often financial: by omitting these bells, the construction of a carillon can be reduced significantly, sometimes by 20 percent for large installations. Since the early 1900s, European installations will often reintroduce the E{{music|flat}} bell, and instead of adding the C{{music|sharp}} bell, they will include a [[B-flat (musical note)|B{{music|flat}}]] bell (which is a [[major second]] below the C-compass bell).{{sfn|Lehr|2005|p=59}}