Editing Cardiomyopathy (section)

==Causes==

Cardiomyopathies can be of [[Genetic disorder|genetic]] (familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakalakos |first=Athanasios |last2=Ritsatos |first2=Konstantinos |last3=Anastasakis |first3=Aris |date=2018-09-01 |title=Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure: a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor's point of view |journal=Hellenic Journal of Cardiology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=254–261 |doi=10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.008 |issn=1109-9666 |pmid=29807197 |s2cid=44146977 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by [[sarcomere]] or [[Cytoskeleton|cytoskeletal]] diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Anika |last2=Weintraub |first2=Robert |date=2021-07-23 |title=Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood |journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics |volume=9 |page=708732 |doi=10.3389/fped.2021.708732 |issn=2296-2360 |pmc=8342800 |pmid=34368032 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorla |first=Sudheer |last2=Raja |first2=Kishore |last3=Garg |first3=Ashish |last4=Barbouth |first4=Deborah |last5=Rusconi |first5=Paolo |date=December 2018 |title=Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Genetics |language=en |volume=07 |issue=4 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1657763 |issn=2146-4596 |pmc=6234042 |pmid=30430036}}</ref> Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Law |first=Michelle L. |last2=Cohen |first2=Houda |last3=Martin |first3=Ashley A. |last4=Angulski |first4=Addeli Bez Batti |last5=Metzger |first5=Joseph M. |date=February 2020 |title=Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=520 |doi=10.3390/jcm9020520 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=7074327 |pmid=32075145 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cimiotti |first=Diana |last2=Budde |first2=Heidi |last3=Hassoun |first3=Roua |last4=Jaquet |first4=Kornelia |date=2021-01-08 |title=Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=558 |doi=10.3390/ijms22020558 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=7827163 |pmid=33429969 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as [[coronary artery disease]], [[hypertension]], or abnormalities of the [[heart valves]].<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite book |last=Lakdawala |first=NK |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |last2=Stevenson |first2=LW |last3=Loscalzo |first3=J |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-07-180215-4 |editor-last=Kasper |editor-first=DL |edition=19th |page=1553 |chapter=Chapter 287 |editor-last2=Fauci |editor-first2=AS |editor-last3=Hauser |editor-first3=SL |editor-last4=Longo |editor-first4=DL |editor-last5=Jameson |editor-first5=JL |editor-last6=Loscalzo |editor-first6=J}}</ref> Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty |date=2011 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-60547-723-7 |editor-last=Lilly, Leonard S. |edition=5th |location=Baltimore, MD |oclc=649701807}}</ref> Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including [[Hepatitis C]]).<ref name="AdamNicholson2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L |year=2008 |title=Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy. |journal=Nurs Stand |type=Review |volume=22 |issue=38 |pages=42–7 |doi=10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565 |pmid=18578120}}</ref><ref name="WestphalRigopoulos2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B et al. |year=2017 |title=The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook. |journal=Heart Fail Rev |type=Review |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=743–752 |doi=10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4 |pmid=28721466 |s2cid=36117047}}</ref><ref name="DomontCacoub2016">{{Cite journal |last=Domont F, Cacoub P |year=2016 |title=Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor? |url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01274679/document |journal=Liver Int |type=Review |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=621–7 |doi=10.1111/liv.13064 |pmid=26763484 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Untreated [[celiac disease]] can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis.<ref name="CiaccioLewis2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH |year=2017 |title=Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease. |journal=World J Cardiol |type=Review |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=652–666 |doi=10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652 |pmc=5583538 |pmid=28932354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.<ref name="WestphalRigopoulos2017" /><ref name="SimpsonRutland2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS |year=2017 |title=Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review. |journal=Vet Sci |type=Review |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=19 |doi=10.3390/vetsci4010019 |pmc=5606618 |pmid=29056678 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive',<ref name="FusterHurst2004">{{Cite book |last=Valentin Fuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884 |title=Hurst's the heart |last2=John Willis Hurst |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-07-143225-2 |page=1884 |access-date=11 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527075031/http://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.<ref name="pmid35772124">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Llamas-Esperón GA, Llamas-Delgado G |date=2022 |title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proposal for a new classification |journal=Arch Cardiol Mex |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=377–389 |doi=10.24875/ACM.21000301 |pmc=9262289 |pmid=35772124}}</ref>

The current [[American Heart Association]] (AHA) definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR |date=2012 |title=Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era |journal=Biochem Res Int |volume=2012 |page=796926 |doi=10.1155/2012/796926 |pmc=3423823 |pmid=22924131 |doi-access=free}}</ref>