Editing Cardiac arrest (section)

== Risk factors ==
Major risk factors for cardiac arrest include age and underlying [[cardiovascular disease]]. A prior episode of sudden cardiac arrest increases the likelihood of future episodes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine. |vauthors=Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |publisher=Mcgraw-Hill |year=2014 |isbn=9780071802154 |edition=19th |location=New York |chapter=327. Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death |oclc=893557976}}</ref> A 2021 meta-analysis assessing the recurrence of cardiac arrest in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors identified that 15% of survivors experienced a second event, most often in the first year.<ref name="Lam 30–41">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lam TJ, Yang J, Poh JE, Ong ME, Liu N, Yeo JW, Gräsner JT, Masuda Y, Ho AF | display-authors = 6 | title = Long term risk of recurrence among survivors of sudden cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Resuscitation | volume = 176 | pages = 30–41 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35526728 | doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.04.027 | s2cid = 248569642 }}</ref> Furthermore, of those who experienced recurrence, 35% had a third episode.<ref name="Lam 30–41"/>

Additional significant risk factors include [[Tobacco smoking|cigarette smoking]], [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[high cholesterol]], history of [[arrhythmia]], lack of [[physical exercise]], [[obesity]], [[diabetes]], [[Family history (medicine)|family history]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] use, and possibly caffeine intake.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Friedlander Y, Siscovick DS, Weinmann S, Austin MA, Psaty BM, Lemaitre RN, Arbogast P, Raghunathan TE, Cobb LA | display-authors = 6 | title = Family history as a risk factor for primary cardiac arrest | journal = Circulation | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 155–160 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9445167 | doi = 10.1161/01.cir.97.2.155 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ha AC, Doumouras BS, Wang CN, Tranmer J, Lee DS | title = Prediction of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the General Population: Review of Traditional and Emerging Risk Factors | journal = The Canadian Journal of Cardiology | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 465–478 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35041932 | doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.01.007 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weinmann S, Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Arbogast P, Smith H, Bovbjerg VE, Cobb LA, Psaty BM | display-authors = 6 | title = Caffeine intake in relation to the risk of primary cardiac arrest | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 505–508 | date = September 1997 | pmid = 9270951 | doi = 10.1097/00001648-199709000-00006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tu SJ, Gallagher C, Elliott AD, Linz D, Pitman BM, Hendriks JM, Lau DH, Sanders P, Wong CX | display-authors = 6 | title = Alcohol consumption and risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death: An observational study of 408,712 individuals | journal = Heart Rhythm | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–184 | date = February 2022 | pmid = 35101186 | doi = 10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.09.040 | s2cid = 245422237 }}</ref> Current cigarette smokers with coronary artery disease were found to have a two to threefold increase in the risk of sudden death between ages 30 and 59. Furthermore, it was found that former smokers' risk was closer to that of those who had never smoked.<ref name="Lilly-2015" /><ref name="Goldenberg_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldenberg I, Jonas M, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, Matetzky S, Shotan A, Behar S, Reicher-Reiss H | display-authors = 6 | title = Current smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 163 | issue = 19 | pages = 2301–2305 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14581249 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.163.19.2301 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A statistical analysis of many of these risk factors determined that approximately 50% of all cardiac arrests occur in 10% of the population perceived to be at greatest risk, due to aggregate harm of multiple risk factors, demonstrating that cumulative risk of multiple comorbidities exceeds the sum of each risk individually.<ref name="Saunders-2015">{{cite book |title=Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine |date=2015 | veditors = Mann DL, Zipes PL, Libby P, Bonow RO, Braunwald E |isbn=978-1-4557-5134-1|edition=Tenth |location=Philadelphia, PA | publisher=Saunders |page=826|oclc=881838985 }}</ref>