Editing Carabao (section)

== History ==
[[File:GLIMPSE OF BATAD.jpg|thumb|A carabao in the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]]]]

The oldest evidence of water buffalo discovered in the Philippines is multiple fragmentary skeletal remains recovered from the upper layers of the [[Neolithic]] Nagsabaran site, part of the [[Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens]] (~2200 BCE to 400 CE) of northern [[Luzon]]. Most of the remains consisted of skull fragments, almost all of which have cut marks indicating they were butchered. The remains are associated with red slipped pottery, [[spindle whorl]]s, stone [[adze]]s, and [[jade]] bracelets; which have strong affinities to similar artifacts from Neolithic [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] archeological sites in [[Taiwan]]. Based on the [[radiocarbon date]] of the layer in which the oldest fragments were found, water buffalo were already present in the Philippines by at least 500 BCE.<ref name="amano">{{cite journal |last1=Amano |first1=Noel |last2=Piper |first2=Philip J. |last3=Hung |first3=Hsiao-chun |last4=Bellwood |first4=Peter |title=Introduced Domestic Animals in the Neolithic and Metal Age of the Philippines: Evidence From Nagsabaran, Northern Luzon |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=317–335 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2013.781084|s2cid=131368496 |hdl=1885/22954 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mijares |first1=Armand Salvador B. |title=The early Austronesian migration to Luzon: perspectives from the Peñablanca Cave Sites |journal=Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin |date=2006 |volume=26 |pages=72&ndash;78 |citeseerx=10.1.1.403.7868 }}</ref>

Genetic studies have shown that the closest related populations to carabaos are the swamp buffalo populations of [[Taiwan]], which in turn descended from swamp buffaloes from the [[Neolithic]] [[List of Neolithic cultures of China|rice-farming cultures]] of the [[Yangtze Delta]]. This indicates that carabaos were carried along by the [[Austronesian Expansion|Austronesian migrations]] into the Philippines from Taiwan, and then further onward to [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]]. Carabaos are genetically distinct from the swamp buffaloes of [[Peninsular Malaysia]] and western [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]] and [[Sumatra]]), which show closer affinities to swamp buffaloes from [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], indicating that they originated from a different introduction pathway.<ref name="Lau"/><ref name="Villamor">{{cite journal |last1=Villamor |first1=Lilian P. |last2=Nomura |first2=Koh |last3=Amano |first3=Takashi |last4=Takahashi |first4=Yukimizu |title=Genetic Divergence and Phylogenetic Relationship of Philippine Carabao (''Bubalus bubalis'') and Other Swamp Buffalo Populations in Neighboring Countries Revealed by the Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region |journal=Journal of Agriculture Science Tokyo |date=2021 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=65–74}}</ref><ref name="amano"/><ref name="Colli">{{cite journal |last1=Colli |first1=Licia |last2=Milanesi |first2=Marco |last3=Vajana |first3=Elia |last4=Iamartino |first4=Daniela |last5=Bomba |first5=Lorenzo |last6=Puglisi |first6=Francesco |last7=Del Corvo |first7=Marcello |last8=Nicolazzi |first8=Ezequiel L. |last9=Ahmed |first9=Sahar S. E. |last10=Herrera |first10=Jesus R. V. |last11=Cruz |first11=Libertado |last12=Zhang |first12=Shujun |last13=Liang |first13=Aixin |last14=Hua |first14=Guohua |last15=Yang |first15=Liguo |last16=Hao |first16=Xingjie |last17=Zuo |first17=Fuyuan |last18=Lai |first18=Song-Jia |last19=Wang |first19=Shuilian |last20=Liu |first20=Ruyu |last21=Gong |first21=Yundeng |last22=Mokhber |first22=Mahdi |last23=Mao |first23=Yongjiang |last24=Guan |first24=Feng |last25=Vlaic |first25=Augustin |last26=Vlaic |first26=Bogdan |last27=Ramunno |first27=Luigi |last28=Cosenza |first28=Gianfranco |last29=Ahmad |first29=Ali |last30=Soysal |first30=Ihsan |last31=Ünal |first31=Emel Ö. |last32=Ketudat-Cairns |first32=Mariena |last33=Garcia |first33=José F. |last34=Utsunomiya |first34=Yuri T. |last35=Baruselli |first35=Pietro S. |last36=Amaral |first36=Maria E. J. |last37=Parnpai |first37=Rangsun |last38=Drummond |first38=Marcela G. |last39=Galbusera |first39=Peter |last40=Burton |first40=James |last41=Hoal |first41=Eileen |last42=Yusnizar |first42=Yulnawati |last43=Sumantri |first43=Cece |last44=Moioli |first44=Bianca |last45=Valentini |first45=Alessio |last46=Stella |first46=Alessandra |last47=Williams |first47=John L. |last48=Ajmone-Marsan |first48=Paolo |title=New Insights on Water Buffalo Genomic Diversity and Post-Domestication Migration Routes From Medium Density SNP Chip Data |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=2 March 2018 |volume=9 |page=53 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2018.00053|doi-access=free |pmid=29552025 |pmc=5841121 |hdl=11449/170726 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>